DET TYSKE OMRÅDE
THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
STATSDANNELSER OG REGENTER
Opdateret 27. september 2009.

Indhold

Indledning

Det tyske eller germanske område har fra den tidlige middelalder til det tyvende århundrede været delt og samlet mange gange og i forskellige kombinationer. Det er derfor temmeligt komplekst at få styr på regenter og regerende fyrstehuse og deres indbyrdes forbindelser.

Som kejserdømme var det tyske rige meget forskelligt fra det romerske kejserrige. De tyske kejsere var til tider kun kejsere af navn, men uden nogen større udøvende magt over de tilknyttede kongeriger; til andre tider havde de stor magt og herskede over store dele af Europa. Til tider var kejsertitlen givet i samdrægtighed med paven, mens den til andre tider var givet imod pavedømmets ønske. I perioder var kejsertitlen ikke benyttet. Tillægsordet »hellig« blev først tilknyttet senere. Kejserdømmet bestod til 1806.

Tyskland var indenrigs et valgkongedømme efter rigsdagen i Forchheim 1077. Tidligere havde det været et arverige, og efter 1077 forblev det i praksis et arverige, indtil Lothar blev valgt i Supplinburg i 1125. Derefter fungerede valgprocedurerne.
[9834 p.132]

I denne tekst opridser jeg nogle enkeltheder om områderne og regenterne. Da hovedparten af kildeteksterne er på engelsk, bibeholdes engelsk i regenttabellerne.

Det Tysk-Romerske Kejserrige fra 800-

Den første kejserslægt er den Karolingiske Slægt, der indleder sin regeringsperiode med Karl den Store.

Karl den Store
Karl den Store blev kronet til kejser i Peterskirken juledag år 800. Senere, i 806, fordelte han sit rige mellem sine tre sønner, således at Karl fik Frankrig og Tyskland = Saxen, der dengang svarede til området mellem Holland og Magdeburg og ned til Harzen. Pepin blev konge over Italien og Bayern, og Ludvig I fik Aquitanien. Ludvig overlevede sine brødre og blev kejser over imperiet efter Karl den Store.

Styrkemæssigt var de adelige familier magtfulde. Der regnes med 42 adelige slægter, hvoraf de 19 var tæt forbundet til kejserslægten. Der var en begrænset centraladministration, og styret hvilede på den tætte tilknytning mellem kejsere og de lokale fyrster.
[9495 p.14, 9690 p.20]

Kirkehistorisk set delte Karl riget i 21 ærkebiskopdømmer, og det nordligste er Hamburg, hvor den første ærkebiskop hed Willehad. Jf. [1919p.222] var den første dog Ansgar, udnævnt i 831. Karl afholdt konsilier, der var betydende, selv om de ikke kirke-territorialt var særligt omfattende. Der står mere om kirkeforholdene under kirkehistorien.

Ludvig den Fromme
Ludvig I den Fromme delte riget mellem sine tre sønner, Lothar - Pepin - Ludvig, men da en fjerde søn kom til i 823, ønskede faderen, at også denne søn fik en bid af kagen, nemlig Aquitanien, der ellers var lovet Pepin. Denne ændring fik de tre ældste sønner til at gøre oprør. Faderens oprindelige plan var at lade Lothair få Germania, og han blev også forudbestemt til at overtage kejserværdigheden efter faderen.

Pepin skulle være konge over Aquitanien, Pepin I af Aquitaine fra 814, og Ludvig (005) skulle herske over Bayern og omliggende lande. Inden planen gennemføres, døde Pepin i 838.

Da Ludvig den Fromme døde i Ingelheim 840, brød sønnernes oprør for alvor ud, og Ludvig den Tyske og Karl den Skaldede slog sig sammen og kæmpede mod Lothair, der fra Italien forsøgte at få magt også nord for Alperne. Kampenes hovedslag stod i Frankrig ved Fontenoy i 841. De to brødre svor hinanden at stå sammen mod Lothair, og det er fra denne lejlighed, i 842, at vi har det første dokument med sprogene fransk og tysk: den ene svor på fransk og den anden på tysk. I 843 blev alle brødrene forligte, eller Lothair blev tvunget til at acceptere kejserrigets deling. Traktaten kaldes efter byen for Verduntraktaten, men det er usikkert, om det var Verdun ved Meusefloden, eller Verdun-sur-le-Doubs, lidt syd for Dijon, der var stedet.

Nogle måneder senere, i november samme år i Coulaines, sluttede kejseren en traktat med adelen om rigets styring. Denne aftale er senere blevet betragtet som grundlæggelsen af det Vestfrankiske Rige, altså begyndelsen til Frankrigs selvstændighed.

Ved disse aftaler får Karl den Skaldede Frankrig og Baskerlandet = Vestfranken; Ludvig den Tyske får Germania, der stadig kan kaldes Østfranken, og Lothair får Italien, Burgund og en mindre bufferzone, Lotharingien = Lothari Regnum = Lorraine, mellem Karl og Ludvig, men med de vigtige byer: Rom, Pavia og Aachen. Lothair får også kejserværdigheden.

Bufferzonens nordlige del fra Nordfrisien til Basel og mod vest til Verdun og Brügge danner Nedre Lothringen og Øvre Lothringen = Lower Lorraine og Upper Lorraine - navne afledt af Lothairs navn. Samme område med nogen forlængelse mod øst kendes også under navnet Austrasien.

Sønden derfor strækker Burgund sig til Marseilles, grænsende mod øst til Lombardiet i Italien. Mod vest ligger Aquitanien og norden for Aquitanien kaldes Frankrigsområdet for Neustrien.

Da Lothair dør i 855 har ingen af hans tre sønner produceret en mandlig arving, så Lothair IIs Lothringen deles efter hans død i 869 mellem Ludvig den Tyske og Karl den Skaldede. Da kejser Ludvig II dør i 875, bliver Karl den Skaldede kejser. Han får kun lov at beholde værdigheden i et par år og dør i 877. Ludvig den Tyske var død i 876, og riget blev delt mellem hans svage sønner, Carloman og Louis III. Sønnerne dør kort tid derefter på nær den yngste; Karl den Tykke, som regerer et forenet rige, indtil han afsættes i 887.

I 880 indgår Ludvig III, † 882, og Carloman, † 884, en overenskomst, hvori den vestfrankiske del af Lorraine overlades Ludvig III.

For at få den rette baggrund for Karl den Store er hans forældre medtaget i slægtstabellen herunder.

GENEALOGIER
s = son of; d = daughter of; gs/gd = grandson/granddaughter of; ggs = greatgrandson of;
m = married to; m(1) = first married to; hd = husband of daughter; † died date; ‡ buried at;

No.   Living
Ruling		 Names and remarks
Wives and partners are underlined
   

The earlier Merovingians are listed in the French genealogy.
 

 
Pepin I = Pepin of Landen = Pepin the Elder (France 894) was mayor to Chlotar II.
Pepin I's daughter Begga became mother to Pepin II.

Pepin II = Pepin of Herstel (Fr.898) ruled the Franks 687 to 714 as mayor.
Pepin II's son was Charles Martel;

Karl Martel = Charles Martel (Fr.899), 688-741, m(1) Chrotrudis by whom he got:
   Pepin the Short and ?
   Karloman - religieux de Montecassino and m Gilberga;
m(2) Svanhilde by whom he got:
   Grippon, † 751;
   Hiltrude, who m Duke Odico of Bavaria and they got Tassilo of Bavaria;
000 Mayor
714-768
King
751-768		 Pepin the Short = Pepin III = Pippin der Kurze = Pepin der Kleine = Pepin le Bref
s Charles Martel; * 714; † 24/9 768 in Saint-Denis; ‡ Saint-Denis;
See also (France 901);
De facto ruler from 747, king from 751;
Anointed by archbishop St. Boniface Nov. 751 at Soissons;
Crowned in Rheims by pope Stephen II;

Bertrada = Bertha mit dem grossen Fuss; † 783; d Count Caribert of Le Mans;
children:
1.   Charlemagne (001);
2.   Carloman, † 4/12 771; ruled 9/10 768;
3.   Pepin, † as child;
4.   Gisela, † 810; abbess of Chelles;
001 0742-0814
EMPEROR
0800-0814		 Karl den Store - Charlemagne - Charles I of Holy Roman Empire
s(000); * c. 2/4 742, † 28/1 814 at Aachen; ‡ 28/1 814 in the chapel octagon at a still unknown spot;
Canonized 29/12 1165 by Archbishop Rainald von Dassel from Cologne and confirmed by the antipope Paschalis III; See France (902)
King from 9/10 768;
King of Lombardy June 774;
Emperor from 800. See also under France;

Himiltrude, a Frank, m(1);
child :
  1.   Pepin = Pepin the Hunchback = Pippin (Carloman);
     * 769 or 777; † 810 or 811;
     received Italy and Bavaria and became king of Italy from 781 (Ital. B020);
         Crowned Rome 15/4 781;
         An illegitimate son, Bernard, became King of Italy 813-817; † 818; founded line of Vermandois;

Desideria, a Lombard princess, m(2); d Desiderius, divorced 771;

Hildegard, a Swabian, * 759; † 783; m(3) 771
children:
  2.   Charles the Younger received France and Germany = Saxony, * 772; † 4/12 811;
  3.   Adelheid; * 774; † August 774;
  4.   Rohtrud = Rotrude = Hrotrud, * 772 or 775, † 8/6 810;
     m Count Rorgo of Maine, † ca. 832; they got
     a) Louis de Rennes, * ca. 800; † 9/1 867; abbot of St. Denis 840-867;
         got Louis who became abbot of Saint-Denis;
  5.   Louis I the Pious (002); * 778, † 840. received Aquitaine;
         survived his brothers and became Frankish Emperor;
  6.   Lothair; * 16/4 778; † 778 or 780;
  7.   Berthe = Bertha, * 779 or 780; † 814/826;
     m Angilbert, later abbot of St. Riquier; they got
     a) Nithard the Chronicler; * ca. 800; † 15/5 845;
  8.   Gisela * 781; † ca. 800; nun at Chelles;
  9.   Hildegard * 8/6 782; † June 783.

Fastrada, an East Frank; † 794. m(4) 783;
children :
10.   Theoderada; * ca. 785; † 9/1 844; abbess of Argenteuil;
11.   Hiltrude; * ca. 787; Ԣ ca. 800; abbess of Farmoutier - or;
     m Richwin of Padua;

Luitgard = Liutgard, a Swabian; † 800; m(5) 795.
[9673]

Illegitimate children with following;
Madelgarde = Mathalgard;
child :
12.   Rothaid = Rothilde; † 24/3 852; an abbess around 840;

Gersvindis;
children :
13.   Theodoric; † 807;
14.   Adeltrude;
15.-17. One daughters and two sons;

Regina;
children :
18.   Hugo; * 802 or 806; † 14/6 844; abbot of Saint-Quentin, Louis I's chancelor;
19.   Drogo; * 17/6 801; † 8/12 855; bishop of Metz 823-855;
[9830]

Adelinda;
child :
20.   Theodoric = Dietrich; * 806 or 810; became a monk 818; died probably young around 819;
002 0778-0840
EMPEROR
0814-0840		 Ludvig I den Fromme - Louis I the Pious - Louis of Aquitaine = Louis le Pieux = Louis le Débonnaire = Ludwig der Fromme = Louis the Fair;;
s(001); * August 778; † 20/6 840; See France (903);
King of Aquitania from 15/4 781;
King of the Franks and Italy from 814 to 833 and 834 to 840;
Co-emperor from 813,
Emperor from 28/1 814 after Pepin and Charles have died.
Louis reunited the three parts of the country.

Irmengard of Hesbaye = Ermengarde; * ca. 778; † 3/10 818; m(1) 798;
children :
1.   Lothair (003)
2.   Pepin = Pippin I = Pepin V, † 838; King of Aquitania 817-838; he got
      a) Pippin II; King of Aquitania 838-848; † post 864;
3.   Rotrude * 800; † ca. 841;
     m Count Rather of Limoges;
4.   Hildegard = Matilde * ca. 802; † 841; an abbess at Laon; and
     m Count Gerard I of Auvergne; * ca. 795; † 25/6 841;
5.   Adelaide * 824; † after 866;
     m Duke Robert of France; * 802; † 866;
6.   Louis I/II the German (005);
7.   Alpais * ca. 794; † 23/7 851 or later;

Judith of Bavaria, * 800; † 19/4 843; m(2) Feb. 819; d count Welf;
children :
  8.   Gisela; * ca. 820; † 1/7 876;
     m 836 Margrave Eberhard of Friuli; * ca. 820; † 16/12 866; they got:
      Berengari I; Emperor 915; † 924;
  9.   Charles II the Bald * 16/3 823, † 6/10 877 (007);
      He became West Francian king from 843-877, and emperor from 875-877.
      He tried to take advantage of Lorraine when Louis the German died,
      but was defeated at the battle at Andernach in 876.
10.   Arnulf de Sens * ca. 790; † 817 or later;
003 0795-0855
EMPEROR
0840-0855		 Lothair I = Lothar I
s(002); * 795; † 29/9 855;
Emperor from 20/6 840;
Just before he died, he abdicated and became a monk in the Abbey of Prüm, Germany;
King of Bavaria from 814;
King of Lotharingia from 843;
King in Italy from 822, sole ruler from 833-834 and 840-855;
Joint emperor from 817;
Crowned emperor by pope Paschal I in 823;
He was defeated at the battle of Fontenay in 841 because he tried to rule his brothers' territories;
The Verdun Treaty of 843 settled the dispute;

Lothair broke with the father in 829, when Louis I's last son, Charles, got a part of his territory;
He was reinstalled in 830, but again deposed soon afterward;
Revolt by Louis' three sons in 833, and Lothair took over his father's title;
However, he lost it again to the father 834;

Irmengard; * 800; † 20/3 851; m(1) 15/10 821;
children :
1.   Louis II (004);
2.   Ermengarde * 830; † after 849;
     m 846 Count Giselbert II von Maasgau; * 830; † 892;
3.   Lothair II, King of Friesland and Lorraine 855-869; no legitimate children.
      He got Hugh and;
      Bertha; m Theobald of Arles, they got s Hugh of Arles, King of Italy 925-947;
      Hugh got Lothaire, King of Italy 947-950;

4.   Charles; * ca. 845; † 24/1 863; King of Provence and Burgundy 855-863;
5.   Hiltrude * 826; † 855 or 866;
     m Berengar of Spoleto;
6.   Berta * ca. 830 ; † 7/5 852 or later;
7.   Gisela * ca. 830; † 19/5 856 or later;
8.   Rotrud * ca. 840;
     m Lambert II of Nantes;

Doda; † after 9/7 855; m(2);
child :
9.   Karloman * ca. 853;

a third marrige - unknown;
004 KING
0822-0875
EMPEROR
0855-0875		 Ludvig II = Louis II = Ludwig II;
s(003); * ca. 822; † 12/8 875; near Brescia in Italy;
King of Italy on his father's behalf from 840/844;
Crowned as Longobard king by pope Gregorius IV 15/6 844, when his father gave him ruling power. He became heir to the empire in 850 and Frankish emperor from 855.
When Lothair I divided the realm Sep. 855, Louis got Italy.
In 859 Louis received territory from Lothair II and when Charles of Provence died 863, he also got a fair part of that territory.
Crowned emperor 6/4 850 and sole emperor from 855.
The male line of Carolingian dynasty became extinct with Louis' death.

Engelberga = Engelburge of Alsace and Spoleto; * 855; † 890;
children :
1.   Gisele * ca. 852; † before 28/4 868;
2.   Ermengarde; * ca. 852; † before 22/6 896;
m March 876 King or Count Bosco of Provence / Lower Burgundy, 879-887; they got
     a) Louis the Blind, Count of Provence 887, King of Italy 900 and Emperor 901; † 928;
     and a daughter who married Hugh (Provence P-290);
005 0804-0876
KING EAST		 Ludvig II den Tyske - Louis II the German = Ludwig I der Deutsche
s(002); * ca. 804; † 28/8 876;
King of East Francia from 24/9 833 (or 840) to 876;
King of Bavaria from May 826;
As German king he was Ludwig I.

Emma of Bavaria = Hemma Welf; * ca. 818; † 31/1 876; m(1) 827; d Count Welf;
children :
1.   Carloman of Bavaria = Karlmann von Bayern, (010a), † 884; joint ruler 876-880 with
2.   Louis III the Younger (009), * c.830; † 20/1 882;
3.   Charles III the Fat = Karl III den Tykke, (010); † 887.
4.   Hildegard; * 828; † 23/12 856;
5.   Irmgard † 16/7 866;
6.   Gisela; m Erchanger I of Swabia;
7.   Berta; †26/3 877;
006 0835-0869 Lothair II = Lothair II
s(003); * 835; † 8/8 869.
King of Friesland and Lotharingia 29/9 855 - 8/8 869;
after brother Charles had died in 863 Lothair also received areas in Burgundy around Vienne and Lyon.

Theutberga, m ?.
no children;
007 0840-0877
EMPEROR
875-877		 Karl II den Skaldede - Charles II the Bald = Karl II der Kahle = Charles II le Chauve
s(002); * 15/5 or 13/6 823; † 6/10 877; ‡ St. Denis;
See (France 904);
King of Aquitania from 838;
King of East Lotharingia from 869;
King of Italy from 875 to 876;
King of the West Francia from 20/6 840;
Emperor from 875;
In 870 he shared Lotharingia with Louis the German (005);
Charles the Bald is reckoned the first French king, and is Charles II in both France and Germany;
Emperor from 25/12 875, crowned in Rome by pope John VIII;

Ermentrude; * ca. 825; &##134; 6/10 869; m(1) 14/12 842; d Odo = Count Eudes I of Orléans (Fr. 909);
children :
1.   Judith; * 843; † after 870;
     m(1) 1/10 856 King Aethelwulf of Wessex;
     m(2) 858 King Æthelbald of West Saxons;
     m(3) 862 Count Baldwin I of Flanders; † 879;
2.   Louis II of Aquitania (008) under France no. (905).
3.   Charles of Aquitaine; * 847; † 29/9 865 or 866;
     probably m 862 widow of Count Humbert;
4.   Carloman; * ca. 849; † 874 or 876; abbot in Soissons;
5.   Lothar the Lame of West Franks; * 847; † ca. 865;
6.   Ermentrude; * 854; † after 877;
7.   Hildegard; * ca. 856;
8.   Gisele; * ca. 858; † 1/7 874;
9.   Rotrude; * 852; † before 912; an abbess from 862;

Richildis of Metz = Richardis; † ca. 914; m(2) 22/1 870; d Buwin of Metz;
children :
10.   Drogo; * 872; † 874;
11.   Pippin; * 872; † 874;
12.   Hersent; * 865;
13.   Rothaut; * ca. 870; m Count Hughes of Bourges; * ca. 862; † 892;
14.   Charles; * 10/10 876; † 877;
15.   Rothilde of Neustria; * ca. 871; † 22/3 928;
     m Roger of Maine; † 31/10 900;
008 0855-879
KING WEST
France		 Ludvig II Stammeren - Louis II the Stammerer = Ludwig der Stammler = Louis II le Bègue
s(007); * 1/11 846, † 10/4 879; ‡ Notre Dame;
King of East Franconia from 855 to 877;
King of Aquitania from 867;
King of West Francia from Dec. 877 to 879;
King West Lotharingia from 877 to 879;

Engelberge = Ansgarde; † 879 or 890; m(1) Mar 862; repudiated 866; d Count Harduin of Burgundy;
children :
1.   Louis III; (009);
2.   Carloman (Fr. 907);
3.   Hildegarde;
4.   Gisele; † before Nov. 884;

Adelaide; * 850-860; † ca. 18/10 900; m(2) ca. 868; d Count Adalhard of Paris;
child :
5.   Charles the Simple; born after father had died; (Fr. 910);
4.   Ermentrude; * 870-875;
009 0876-0882
KING EAST
0879-0882		 Ludvig III den Yngre - Louis III the Younger = Louis III af Saxony = Ludwig III der Jüngere;
s(005); * ca. 830; † 20/1 882 in Lorsch ?? 5/8 882;
See France (906);
King of a part of the East Francia (Saxony & Bavaria) = Ostfranken from 28/8 876 to 882.
Emperor from 879;
He defeated Charles the Bald at Andernach Oct. 876 and incorporated Western Lotharingia in Germany. In 879 he got Bavaria from his weakling brother Carloman;
The treatises at Verdun 879 and Ribémont 880 on the partition of the realm.

Liutgard; m; of the Liudolfinger dynasty;
no children ;
010 0877-0888
EMPEROR
0881-0887		 Karl den Tykke - Charles III the Fat = Karl III der Dicke;
s(005); * 839; † 13/1 888; See (France 908);
King of Allemania or Swabia 28/8 876;
King of Italy Nov. 879;
Emperor from 12/2 881 til Nov. 887 or 880-888;
Sole king of East Francia May 882;
[9830] has: Sole King and Emperor from 884 to he was deposed 887;
Deposed by Arnulf (011) at the Diet of Tribur.

Richardis; † ca. 900; m 862; d Count Erchanger;
child :
1.   Karloman; † 876;
010a Bavaria
876-880		 Carloman of Bavaria = Karlmann;
s(005); * before 830; † 22/3 880 or 22-29/9 880;
King of Bavaria, East Franks from 28/8 876;
King of Lombardy, Italy Oct. 877;

Luitxinda = Liutswinde; m(1);
child :
1.   Arnulf (011);

Second marriage;
010b Italy 891-894 Guy of Spoleto = Guido;
King of Italy from 891;
010c Italy 884-898 Lambert of Spoleto;
King of Italy from 892;
011 0887-0899
EMPEROR
0896-0899		 Arnulf = Arnulf of Carinthia = Arnolf von Kärnten, Herzog von Bayern
Nephew (010), s of Carloman of Bavaria (010a); * ca. 850; † 8/12 899;
Duke of Carinthia from 876 to 887;
King of Bavaria, East Franks from November 887-899;
King of Italy from 896 to 899;
Emperor from February 896.

Oda of Bavaria = Ota; m;
children :
1.   Louis IV the Child (012);
2.   Glismut; daughter who m (013);

With Holenrada he got children out of wedlock:
3.   Zwentibold * August 900; † 13/8 900;
     became King of Lotharingia from May 895;
     m ca. 897 Oda of Paris, d Count Eudes of Paris / or Oda of Saxony??
4.   Hedwige; † 24/9 911;
012 0893-0911
KING EAST
0900-0911		 Ludvig IV Barn - Louis IV the Child = Ludwig das Kind;
s(011); * 893; † 24/9 911; he did not claim the title of emperor;
King of East Francia from 4/2 900; he is defeated by the Magyars at Augsburg in 910;
He was put under administration by the Archbishop Hatto of Mainz and died shortly after;
012a 0883-0928
EMPEROR
0901-0905		 Ludvig den Blinde = Louis the Blind;
s Count Boson V of Bourges and Ermengarde of Italy (004-2); * ca. 880; † 28/6 928;
King of Provence from 887 to 928;
King of Italy from 900 to 905;
Emperor from 901 to 905;
Blinded 21/7 905 for breaking oaths on staying away from Italy;

Anna; * ca. 890; † 912; m(1) 905; d Byzantine emperor Leo VI & Zoe Zaoutzaina;
child :
1.   Charles Constantine, Count of Vienne; * 905; † ca. 942 or 963;

Adelaide of Bourgogne; * 914; † 10/5 943; m(2) 914; d Rudolph I of Upper Burgundy;
child :
2.   Guilfred de Briancon; * 918; † 970;
012b 845-924
EMPEROR
0915-0924		 Berengar = Berengarius;
s Eberhard of Friuli and Gisela, d Louis I and Judith (002; * 845; † 7/4 924;
Margrave of Friuli from 874 to ca. 896; inherited after brother Unruoch II died 874;
King of Italy from 887, as Berengar I;
Emperor from 915;
Crowned December 915 in Rome by Pope John X;
After Berengar, the imperial throne was vacant until Otto I was crowned in 962;

Bertilla; † before 915, poisoned; d Suppo II;
children :
1.   Bertha, abbess of San Salvatore in Brescia;
2.   Gisela; † before 913;
     m 898 or 910 Marquess Adalbert Ivrea; they got:
     a) Berengar II, King of Italy 950-961;

Anna; m(2) 915; d Louis of Provence ?;
013 0911-0918 Konrad I af Franken = Conrad I of Franconia = Konrad I = Conrad the Younger; = Konrad von Lahngau;
* 890c; parents: Duke Conrad of the Franconia + Glismut of Arnulf (011);
Konrad did never claim the title of Emperor;
Elected king 10/11 911 at Forchheim; † 23/12 918;

Kunigunde, of the Alaholfings of Swabia;
children :
1.   Kunigunde of Germany; * 913;
2.   Hermann, Duke of Franconia; * 913;

Of 002's line and the last of the Carolingians.
Brother Eberhard III of Franconia was leader of the Franconian and Saxon noblemen, when the king following Conrad was to be elected at the diet in Fritzlar in 919, and on Conrad's advise, which he gave just before he died, they elected Henry the Fowler (014).

 
Efter den karolingiske periode
Efter det karolingiske dynasti omfatter det tyske område ved år 900 stort set det nuværende Tyskland, Holland og Schweiz, men østgrænsen er endnu ikke trukket så langt mod øst som i dag. Østrig strækker sig ikke helt til Wien. Folkeslagene er delt i fire hovedgrupper: sakserne, bayerne, frankerne og svaberne med en mindre portion thüringer. Mod vest er der to mindre folkegrupper i hhv. øvre og nedre Lotharingia = Lorraine.

De saksiske fyrster
Den næste linje, der regerer riget, bliver af Arnulfs slægt (006) og kaldes de saksiske regenter. Stammen kaldes på tysk for der Liudolfingischen Dynastie. Se under Sachsen om de saksiske fyrster.

Slægtens første fyrste er Henrik I Fuglefænger (014), der det meste af sin regeringstid måtte kæmpe mod oprør fra hertugerne af Bayern og Schwaben, og først under sønnen Otto I var slægtens magtbase sikret, og området blev i en periode Europas stærkeste.

Henrik I af Tyskland fik ved tronbestigelsen i 919 magten over de to hertugdømmer Sachsen og Franken, mens de to andre betydende hertugdømmer, Bayern og Schwaben ikke ville acceptere Henrik som konge. Hertug Burchard af Schwaben blev senere på året tvunget til at anerkende Henrik, men samtidig valgte hertugen af Bayern og nogle adelsslægter fra det østlige Franken hertug Arnulf af Bayern som deres konge, eller rettere antikonge. I 921 blev Arnulf over for Henriks militærmagt tvunget til at anerkende ham som konge over hele Tyskland.

Den vestfrankiske del var dog på vej til at glide ud af kejserriget, og styret koncentrerede sig reelt mere om at udvide sit territorium mod øst, hvor magyarerne i det meste af perioden truede med indfald. I 928 tvang Henrik dog kong Giselbert af Lorraine til også at anerkende sig som konge, og derved kom denne vestligste del af Tyskland, Lothringen und Rheinland, tilbage til riget. Giselbert blev yderligere pacificeret gennem giftemål med Henriks datter Gerbera i 928.

Henriks sidste militære udfald var mod nord, hvor han kæmpede mod vikingerne fra Danmark, der hærgede ind i Tyskland. Henrik annekterede Slesvig.

Henrik I blev den første konge over området kaldet Tyskland, som af sin efterfølger også fik navnet Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation = Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation. Grundlæggelsesdatoen regnes under dette navn gerne fra Otto I's (015) kroning 2/2 962. Henrik er også omtalt under Quedlinburg.

Ottos magtcentrum lå omkring Harzen, og han grundlagde i Magdeburg en slags hovedstad - selv om fyrsterne endnu rejste omkring med hoffet over hele riget, så regeringen foregik fra skiftende opholdssteder. Om en centraladministration var der endnu ikke tale.

Den største »centralmagt« lå hos kirken, og Otto belønnede kirken med skatte- og afgiftsfritagelse og gav dem egen jurisdiktion. Det skete i 951.
[9690 p.35ff]

De to historieskrivere fra perioden er Widukind fra Corvey og Thietmar fra Merseburg.

Stilmæssigt betegnes stilen fra 920/930 til 1000 som ottonsk;
Stilen fra 1000 til 1050 betegnes som sen-ottonsk og;
Stilen fra 1050 til 1080 kaldes tidlig-salisk. Alle disse periodeårstal er omtrentlige.
Ottonernes karakteristiske nyhed var kirkernes tværskibe, der bliver større og mere markante end tidligere. Mere om arkitektur her.
[9812 p.21+25ff]

No. Living
Ruling		 Names and remarks
014 0919-0936 Henrik I Fuglefænger = Henry I the Fowler = Heinrich der Vogler = Heinrich der Finkler;
* 875-876, † 2/7 936 at Memleben, ‡ Quedlinburg, Abbey of Quedlinburg.
S of Duke Otto the Illustrious = Otto der Erlauchte, † 912, and Hedwiga, a ggd Charlemagne (001).
Duke of Saxony from 912;
German King from 12/5 919;

Hatheburg; m(1) 906; divorced 909; d Count Erwin, Saxony;
children :
1.   Thankmar *909, killed in battle against Otto I † 936/938;

Matilda of Ringelheim, * ca. 895; m(2) 910, † 968; ‡ Quedlinburg;
   d Count Dietrich, Westfalia and a direct descendant of Widukind (See Oldenburg A900);
children :
2.   Otto (015); * 912;
3.   Henry I of Bavaria; * ca. 920; Duke of Bavaria from 948-955; † 955;
     m Judith of Bavaria; * ca. 925; † 987; they got:
     a) Heinrich der Zänker; * ca. 951; † 995;
        m Gisela of Burgund, 952-1007; they got:
         i) Heinrich II (018);
         their s, Brun, 977-1029, became bishop of Augsburg from 1006-1029;
         their d, Gisela, 985-1060, m Stephan, King of Hungary.
4.   Brun = Bruno I; * ca. 925; Archbishop of Cologne = Kölln and duke and vice-regent of Lorraine from 953, † 965;
5.   Gerberga of Saxony; * ca. 913; † c.968;
      m(1) to Duke Giselbert of Lorraine, † 939;
      m(2) king Louis IV of France;
6.   Hedwige = Hadwig of Saxony; * ca. 922;
      m Duke Hugh the Great of France (Franzien); † ca. 956/958;
      they got the s Hugh Capet.

Henry I became king when Conrad I (013) died, 23/12 918. He was elected in May 919 at Fritzlar.
Henry opposed a church crowning and supported his power on the secular vassals.
He is the first ruler who issued documents naming the area Germany = Regnum Teutonicorum.
Henry never took the title emperor, but preferred the title Primus inter Pares.
In 929 he secured the dynasty by appointing his eldest son as the following king.
015 0912-0973
EMPEROR
0936-0973		 Otto I den Store = Otto I the Great = Otto I der Grosse;
s(014); * 23/11 912; † 7/5 973 at Memleben; ‡ Magdeburg Dom;
Duke of Saxony 936-961;
Enthroned as king in Aachen by all five duchies 7/8 or 8/8 936;
King of Lombardy, Italy 23/9 951;
Crowned as emperor in Rome the 2/2 962;

Edith = Edgitha, m(1) i 930; † 946; ‡ Magdeburg;
   d Edward the Elder of England (ruled 899-925) and halfsister to Athelstand (925-939); Editha rebuilt Magdeburg and was ‡ Magdeburg.
children :
1.   Liudolf of Swabia; * 930; Duke from 950; † 957;
     m Ida of Swabia;
2.   Liudgard; * c.931; † 853;
     m Duke Conrad of Lorraine;

Adelheid of Burgundy, m(2); widow after an Italian king; d King Rudolph II
children :
3.   Otto; (016); Duke of Carinthia;
4.   Mathilde; * c.955; † 999; abbess at Quedlinburg from 966;

illegitimate child with a slav noble woman:
5.   William; * 929; † 968; becomes archbishop of Mainz, 954-968;

By the enthronement in 936 the
Archbishop Heriger of Mainz was followed by Frederick;
Duke of Lorraine was Gilbert;
Duke of Franconia was Eberhard;
Duke of Swabia was Hermann;
Duke of Bavaria was Arnulf.

From Otto I the imperial crown was tied to the papal coronation and the kingship of Germany.
955 - Otto I won the battle the 10/8 at Lechfeld bei Augsburg over Hungary;
955 - Otto founded the archbishopric at Magdeburg;
016 0955-0983
EMPEROR
0973-0983		 Otto II;
s(015); * 955; † 7/12 983 in Rome; ‡ St. Peter's Church, Rome;
King of Germany from 26/5 961, crowned at Aachen - co-ruler with his father;
Crowned as emperor 25/12 967 in Rome - co-ruler with his father;
Sole ruler from 7/5 973;

Theophano = Theophanu; * 959; m 14/4 972; † 991; ‡ St Pantaleon, Kölln;
   A niece of the Byzantine emperor John Tzimisces, 969-976;
children :
1.   Otto (017);
2.   Adelheid; * 977; † 14/1 1043; Abbess in Gernrode after Hathui;

The empire became »Roman« during Otto II (and »Holy« in the 12th cent.)
017 0980-1002
EMPEROR
0983-1002		 Otto III
s(016); * 980; † 23/1 or 24/1 1002 in Italy; ‡ Aachen.
Died unmarried; had woed a Byzantine princess.
King of Germany from 25/12 983;
King of Italy, Lombardy, from 996.
Crowned emperor in Rome 21/5 996 by pope Gregory V, Otto's cousin Bruno of Carinthia † 999.
He called himself Romanorum Imperator Augustus;

Otto was as a minor warded by his mother, Theophano, to 991 and by his grandmother, Adelheid, to 994, but also archbishop Willigis of Mainz and Bishop Hildibald of Worms were advisers.
018 0972-1024
EMPEROR
1002-1024		 Henrik II af Bayern = Henry II of Bavaria = Saint Henry of Germany = Heinrich von Bayern
* 6/5 972; † 13/7 1024 i Grone; ‡ Bamberger Dom;
s Duke Henry II the Quarrelsome of Bavaria = Heinrich der Zänker, c.920-955, and Gisela of Burgundy, c.952-1007.
Ggs (014). Uncle to (017). Last male heir in the line of Henry I.

He was:
Duke Henry IV of Bavaria from 995 to 1005;
German king from 7/6 1002;
King of Lombardy, Italy from 15/5 1004;
Emperor from 14/2 1014;
Crowned by pope Benedict VIII 14/2 1014; lame from 1021;
Canonized 1146 by pope Eugene III. Saint's Day 13/7 or 15/7.

Kunigunde = Cunegunda; m c.998; * 975; † 3/3 1033; ‡ Bamberg; canonized 1200. Saint's day 3/3.
no children ;
[9812 p.14,2]

 
Den frankisk, saliske slægt
Herefter overgår regentrollen til den salisk-frankiske slægt, der nedstammer fra Konrad I (008), men også har aner fra Ottonske slægt på kvindesiden.

Tyskland
Områdefordelingen i denne periode var i store træk således:
Tysklands område fra den danske grænse og sydpå hed Sachsen, og det gik til Hersfeld - Harzen; derefter kom Franken = Franconia til en linje på højde med Strassbourg. Syd derfor ligger Svabien, der på Alpehøjderyggen grænser til Italiens kongerige Lombardiet.

Østen herfor ligger fra nord Pommern = Pomerania - til en linje ca. ved Magdeburg; Lusatien og Meissen dækker indtil Böhmen, og sønden herfor kommer Bayern, der mod syd rækker til Alpehøjderyggen og grænser mod Italien ved områderne Verona og Friuli.

Vesten for Tyskland hedder områderne fra nord Nedre og Øvre Lotringen samt Burgund. Vesten herfor ligger Det Vestfrankiske Rige, hvor den sydlige del stadig kaldes Aquitanien. Bretagne og Normandiet mod Kanalegnene er ikke helt indgået i Frankrig endnu, men er selvstændige hertugdømmer.

No. Living
Ruling		 Names and remarks
019 0990-1039
EMPEROR
1024-1039		 Konrad II = Conrad II of Franconia
Great-great grandson (015); * 990; † 4/6 1039; s of Count Henry of Speyer;
German king 1024-1039, crowned in Mainz 8/9 1024; crowned in 1026 in Milan as king of Italy.
Crowned by pope John XIX as emperor in Rome at Easter 26/3 1027, Knud den Store was present;
King of Burgundy from 1032 or 2/2 1033 when Rudolf III died; crowned at Payerne = Peterling;

Gisela of Swabia, m 1016; widowed Duchess of Swabia and of the Charlemagne line;
child:
1.   Henry (020);
020 1017-1056
EMPEROR
1039-1056 or
1046-1056		 Henrik III = Henry III = Heinrich III
s(019); * 28/10 1017; † 5/10 1056;
Duke of Bavaria as Henry VI 1027-1041;
Duke of Swabia as Henry I 1038-1045;
German king from 4/6 1039; ordinated 14/4 1028; emperor 25/1 1046 to 1056;

Gunhilde = Kunigunde; m(1) 1036; † 1038; d Knud den Store
no children

Agnes of Guienne; m(2) 1043; d William V of Aquitania and Poitou;
children:
1.   Henry (021) * 1050;
2.   Conrad;
3.   Mathilde;
4.   Beatrix;
5.   daughters; m king Salomon of Hungary;

1046 Synod at Sutri - two popes deposed and bishop Suidger of Bamberg appointed pope as Clement II;
Clement II crowned Henry III as emperor.
021 1050-1106
EMPEROR
1056/ 1084-1106		 Henrik IV = Henry IV = Heinrich IV;
s(020); * 11/11 1050; † 7/8 1106; ‡ Speyer Cathedral 1111;
Duke of Bavaria as Henry VIII 1055-1061;
German king, elected 17/7 1053 / 1054, ordinated + crowned 1054 in Aachen, ruling from 5/10 1056 after father's death; mother regent during infancy;
Emperor from 31/3 1084; abdicated 31/12 1105 after pressure from Heinrich V;
Crowned 31/3 1084 by pope Clement III in St. Peter, Rome;

Bertha of Savoy = Bertha of Turin, m(1), † 1087; d margrave of Turin;
children:
1.   Henry, (022), elected king 1098;
2.   Conrad of Franconia (021c); * 12/2 1074; † 27/7 1101;
     Duke of Lorraine (Lower) 1076-1089;
     Crowned king of Germany 30/5 1087, ruling from 1093;
     m Constance, d Roger I of Sicily;
     Crowned anti-king of Italy 1093-1101;
3.   Agnes (021d); unsure if the mother was Bertha or Praxedis.
     m Count Frederick of Büren, grandfather to (025).

Praxedis of Kiev, m(2) 1089, divorced 1093; adulterous according to [9495 p.61]; d Grand Prince Vsevolod of Kiev;

24/1 1076 Synod at Worms, where Henry IV declared pope Gregory VII deposed;
22/2 1076 Pope Gregory VII declared Henry IV deposed;
Jan/Feb 1077 the emperor's penance at Canossa;
1077 Duke Rudolf of Swabia elected anti-king; a second anti-king, Hermann of Salm, got no support;
In March 1084 Henry IV conquered Rome, pope Gregory VII escaped to Salerno where he died 25/5 1085;
1085 Guibert = Wibert of Ravenna appointed pope, anti-pope, as Clement III, who crowned Henry IV;
1095 First Crusade proclaimed at the Council at Clermont;
1105 Henry IV escaped to Cologne during an uprising led by Henry V, but was later imprisoned by his son in Mainz and forced to abdicate 31/12 1105.
Henry IV fled to Liège and defeated with the help of the Lorraine forces Henry V 22/3 1106 near Visé.
021a 1077-1081 Rudolf von Schwaben;
† 15 or 16/10 1080;
King of Germany 15/3 1077; rival to Henry IV;
021b 1081-1088 or
1081-1093		 Hermann von Luxembourg = Herman of Sam;
King of Germany 26/12 1081. Deposed 1088; rival to Herny IV;
021c 1093-1101 Conrad of Franconia
* 12/2 1074; † 27/7 1101;
Duke of Lower Lorraine 1076-1089;
Crowned king of Germany 30/5 1087, ruling from 1093; rival to Herny IV;
Crowned anti-king of Italy 1093-1101;
021d - Agnes von Büren = Agnes von Österreich = Agnes von Waiblingen
* 1070c;

Friedrich I von Staufen, Herzog von Schwaben; m(1) 1079; † 1105;
children:
  1.   Konrad III; (024); King 1138-1152;
  2.   Friedrich II von Schwabien; † 1147;

Leopold III der Heilige, margrave von Österreich; * 1073; m(2); † 1136;
children:
  3.   Adalbert; † 1137; m Hedvig, d Hungarian King Bela II;
  4.   Leopold IV von Österreich; † 1141; became margrave after father died; got the fief Bavaria;
  5.   Heinrich II Jasomirgott; *1086; † 1177; became margrave after brother died in 1114 and received also the Bavarian fief; 17/9 1156 lost Bavria and got Austria which was elevated to a duchy;
  6.   Otto of Freising; provost in Klosterneuburg by Vienna, later abbot in Morimond Monastery; bishop of Freising 1138; wrote emperor Friedrich Barbarossa'a chronicle;
  7.   Konrad; became bishop of Passau, later archbishop of Salzburg;
  8.   Agnes; m Duke Vladislav of Poland;
  9.   Gertrud; m Duke Vladislav II of Bohemia;
10.   Iulitta = Ita; m margrave William VI of Montferrat;
11.   Marie; m Emperor Manuel I Komnenus who died 1180;
022 1086-1125
EMPEROR
1111-1125		 Henrik V = Henry V
s(021); * 11/8 1086; † 23/5 1125; ‡ Speyer Cathedral;
King of Germany, elected 10/5 1098; ruled from 5/1 1099, crowned 6/1 1099 by archbishop Hermann III;
Emperor 13/4 1111, crowned as emperor 13/4 1111 by pope Paschal II in St Peter's in Rome;

Matilda, * 1102; betrothed 1110, m 7/1 1114, † 1164; d Henry I of England; returned to England after husband died;
no children.

Heinrich V inherited Tuscany areas after Duchess Mathilda who had died 1116;
The emperor made the Worms Concordate over the Investiture Controversy in 23/9 1122. Opponent was pope Calixtus II.
023 1075-1137
EMPEROR
1125-1137		 Lothair III af Sachsen;
* June 1075; † 3/12 or 4/12 1137; ‡ Königslutter Cathedral; s Count Gebhard of Supplinburg
Duke Lothair II von Süpplingenburg;
Duke of Saxony from 1106;
King of Germany from 13/9 1125;
Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire from 4/6 1133 to 1137;
Crowned emperor by pope Innocent II in Rome;


The numbering of Lothairs are depending on the question of only emperors counts. If Lothair I, who ruled 843-855, and Lothair II, ruled 855-869, both count (023) is number III. However, some do not count Lothair II because he was only king of Lotharingia and never emperor of Germany - then (023) is Lothair II.

Lothair defeated emperor Heinrich V's forces in the Battle of Welfesholz in 1115.

Richeza of Northeim;
children:
1.   Gertrude; * 1118; m 1127 to Heinrich II der Stolze = Henry II the Proud = Duke Henry X of Saxony and Bavaria. The couple got Henry the Lion.

From pope Innocent II Lothair received the Tuscan teritory originally belonging to countess Matilda. In 1135 the pope also invited the emperor to invade the south Italian Norman kingdom ruled by Roger of Sicily.

Lothair had given his son-in-law, Henry the Proud, the imperial insignia, but he was passed over by the princes of the electorate.

Lothair installed the dynasties of Schauenburg in Holstein in 1110, the Ballenstedts in the marches later named Brandenburg 1134 and the Wettins in the marches of Meissen in 1123 and in Lusatia in 1136.
[9972-4a p.408]

 
Henrik Løve = Henry the Lion
Henrik Løves bedstefader var Heinrich VIII der Schwarze af Bayern, -1126, gift med Wulfhill, ældste datter af hertug Magnus Billung af Sachsen.

Henrik Løves fader var Heinrich X der Stolze af Bayern, 1108-1139, gift med Gertrude d af den sachsiske hertug Lothair von Supplingenburg, 1075-1137. Herigennem arvede Henrik Løve hertugdømmet Sachsen.

Henrik Løve, * 1129, † 6/8 1195; m(1) 1148
Clementia, d Hertug Conrad af Zähringen, m(1) opløst 1162.
m(2) Matilda, d engelske kong Henry II.

Med sin første ægtefælle fik Henrik børnene:
1.   Henrik, der døde spæd;
2.   Richenza, der døde spæd; og
3.   Gertrud, der blev m Kong Knud i Danmark.

Efter hr. Løves skilsmisse i 1162 fik Henrik i det nye ægteskab børnene:
4.   Richenza;
5.   Heinrich, der m Agnes von Staufen;
6.   Lothair;
7.   Otto, der blev kejser Otto IV;
8.   Wilhelm, hvis ældste søn, Otto, bliver den første hertug af Braunschweig og Lüneburg.

Desuden fik han - men uvist med hvilken ægtefælle - datteren:
9.   Mechtilde; der giftede sig med Henrik Borwin af Venden, † 1228, der grundlagde det Mecklenburgske dynasti.

I 1143 erobrede Henrik Løve området Polaben ved at besejre grev Heinrich von Badewide.

Ved Rigsdagen i Goslar 1154 gav kejser Friedrich Barbarossa Henrik retten til at udnævne biskopperne i Oldenburg, Mecklenburg og Ratzeburg. Henrik udnævnte Evermod, † 1178, til den første biskop i Ratzeburg. Evermod var Præmonstratenser fra Vor Frues kloster i Magdeburg.

Henrik blev hertug af Bayern fra 1156 som Henrik XII. Samtidig blev den østrigske del skilt ud af Bayern. År 1157 grundlagde Henrik München. Henrik mistede Det bayerske Hertugdømme i 1180.

Henry erobrede Lübeck fra grev Adolf II af Holstein og rekonstruerede 1159 Lübeck for senere, 1160, at overføre bispetronen fra Oldenburg til Lübeck. Samtidig fik han gennem aftaler med fyrster og handelsstormænd rundt Østersøen skabt grundlaget for Hansestaden Lübecks udvikling. Senere udnævnte han Braunschweig til sit regeringssæde.

I 1160 gjorde Henrik Schwerin til Mecklenburgs biskopsæde. Efter Valdemar I havde erobret Rügen, var der kampe mellem Danmark og Mecklenburg. Freden blev oprettet igen i 1171, da Valdemars søn, Knud IV (VI), blev gift med Henriks datter, Gertrud.

Henrik tog i 1172 på pilgrimstur til Det Hellige Land og besøgte undervejs den byzantinske kejser, Manuel I Komnenus. Efter tilbagekomsten gik venskabet med den byzantinske kejser over styr, og Henrik mistede sin magt. I 1180 blev hans sachsiske hertugdømme delt, så de to bispestifter Kölln og Paderborn dannede et nyt hertugdømme kaldet Westphalia, som kom under köllnerærkebiskoppen, mens Sachsens østlige del dannede et len, som en søn af Brandenburghertugen fik. Hertugdømmet Bayern gik til Otto von Wittelsbach, og biskoppen i Würzburg fik et hertugdømme i det østlige Franken.
 

Interregnum i perioden 1137 til 1138.

Slægten Hohenstaufen
Slægtens stamtræ begynder med Henrik IV (021).

Ved slægtens indledende magtkampe mod pavestyret og andre opponenter foregik der også udskiftning af nogle områdefyrster. Blandt andet blev Holsten givet til Adolf af Schauenburg. Brandenburg Mark var samlet af Albert der Bär, der også fik Nordmark. Meissen og Lusatien blev givet til Conrad af Wettin. Tilsammen indgik områderne i de konstellationer, der kom til at danne det fremtidige Preussen.

Senere, efter freden i Venedig i 1177, blev der igen rokeret internt. Sachsen blev opdelt, og Bayern formindsket ved at Tyrol blev udskilt, og der etableredes et hertugdømme Steiermark. Bayern gik til Otto af Wittelsbach. Henry Løve, der først havde samlet områderne, som faderen havde mistet, tabte dem igen, men beholdt efter nogle oprørsforsøg Braunschweig og Lüneburg, men endte med at være i komplet unåde hos kejser Frederik.

Fredrik II havde en ussel barndom, men fik en god uddannelse ved det sicilianske hof, der på det tidspunkt var et af de bedst udviklede lærdomscentre i Europa. Hans chancer for at blive kejser var ikke store, da Otto IV var ved magten i Nordeuropa, men da han blev afsat af Welfer-prinserne, så blev Frederik, da han var atten år, kejser i 1212, og senere efter paveskiftet til Honorius III i 1216 blev Frederik 22/11 1220 kronet i Rom. Betalingen herfor var et løfte fra kejseren om at tage på korstog. Dette forberedte han sig på i de næste par år.

No. Living
Ruling		 Names and remarks
024 1093-1152
EMPEROR
1138-1152		 Konrad III = Konrad III af Franken = Conrad III of Hohenstaufen;
* 1093; s Frederick I, Duke of Swabia and Agnes von Waiblingen, d Heinrich IV; grandson via d of (021); † 15/2 1152 of malaria; ‡ Bamberg Cathedral;
First Hohenstaufen emperor.
Duke of Franconia from 1115/1116 - 1120;
German regent with brother Duke Frederick II of Swabia from 1116;
Elected anti-king from 18/12 1127, abdicated 1135;
Elected King 7/3 1138 and re-established as king 13/3 1138 to 1152.
King of Italy from 22/6 1128; crowned 29/6 1128 at Monza; king to 1135 and 1138 to 1152;
King of Burgundy 1138 to 1152;
Emperor from 7/3 1138;
Joined the second crusade in 1147. Had to hurry back to Germany and he did never get the imperial crown in Rome.

Gertrud; * 1130; m(1) 1114 / 1115; d Count Heinrich von Rothenburg-Comburg;
no children;

Gertrud von Sulzbach; * 1146; † 14/4 1146 in Hersfeld; m(2) between 1131 and 1134;
     d Berengar I and Adelheid von Wolfratshausen;
children:
1.   Frederick IV of Rothenburg, Herzog von Schwaben; † 1167; m 1166 Gertrud von Sachsen, d Henry the Lion; no children.
2.   Heinrich-Berengar; crowned 30/11 1147 in Aachen as co-king; † 1152;
025 1152-1190 or
1155-1190		 Frederik I Barbarossa = Frederick I Barbarossa;
* 1122 or 1123; † 10/6 1190;
A Hohenstaufen descendant;
Son of Frederick of Swabia, † 1147, and Judith of Bavaria, who was d Henry the Black of Welf kin;
nephew to (024).
His grandfather, count Frederick of Büren, was m to Agnes, d Henry IV.
Duke of Swabia from 1147 to 1152, as Frederick III;
King of Germany, elected 4/3 1152, crowned 9/3 1152 at Aachen;
King of Italy 17/4 1155 to 1186;
Emperor 18/6 1155 crowned in Rome by pope Hadrian IV;
King of Burgundy 30/7 1178;
1188 during the Diet of Mainz, Frederick decided to go on Crusade. 11/5 1189 he began the tour. 10/6 1190 he drowned while crossing the Saleph river. His horse threw him off and the cold water gave him a heart attack and his armour kept him down, and he drowned in shallow hip-deep water. The crusade afterwards collapsed;
The emperor was buried somewhat peculiar. His son, Frederick VI of Swabia, tried to conserve the emperor's body in vinegar. However, it didn't work and the imperial flesh was interred in St. Peter's in Antiochia, the skeleton parts in Tyre Cathedral, and his heart and organs in Tarsus.

Adelheid = Adela of Vohburg m(1); divorced as adulterous;

Beatrice of Upper Burgundy = Beatrix von Burgund; m(2) 1156; d Renaud III;
children:
1.   Frederick V of Swabia; Herzog von Schwaben = Duke of Swabia; * 16/7 1164; † 28/11 1168/1170;
2.   Henry; (026); * 1165;
3.   Daughter; * 11/1168; † 12/1184;
4.   Frederick V / VI, Duke of Swabia; * 1167, † 1191; he was born as Konrad;
5.   Otto I / II, Count of Burgundy; * 1170; † killed 1200;
     m Margareta of Blois & Burgundy; † 1230;
6.   Conrad II, Duke of Swabia and Rothenburg, * 1173; † killed 1196;
     m 1188 Queen Berenguela of Castile; * 1180; † 1246;
7.   Philip of Swabia (027); * 1177; † killed 1208; King of Germany in 1198;
     m 1197 Eirene = Marie of Byzantium, 1181-1208; d Emperor Isaak II Angelos;
8.   Beatrice of Hohenstaufen; * 1162; † 1174; betrothed to William II of Sicily but died before m;
9.   Agnes of Hohenstaufen; † 8/10 1184; betrothed to Emeric of Hungary but died before m.
10.   Wilhelm; * 7/1176; † 1176; ‡ Lorch;
11.   Rainald; * 11/1173; † 1174; ‡ Lorch;

1165 Frederick got the anti-pope Paschal III summoned in Aachen and at Christmas time had Charlemagne canonized.

Frederick formed alliance with his cousin, the Welf Henry the Lion, who in return received the duchies of Saxony and Bavaria.
The duchy of Austria was recently separated from Bavaria, and was given to margrave Henry Jasomirgott of Austria, the line becoming extinct in 1246.
In 1273 the duchy was held by Philip of Swabia's grandson, Ottokar II, 1253-1298, m to the widow of the Babenberg kin, from the succession of which he gained Styria = Steiermark, Carinthia = Kärnten, Carniola = Krain (W part of Slovenia), Istria, Aquileia and Pordenone - the three last are areas and cities in northeast Italy.
Ottokar II also founded Königsberg.
King Ottokar was killed in the battle of Marchfeld near Wien on 26/8 1278.

The Peace of Venice 1177 in which the pope recognized the emperor as head of the imperial church, and Frederick recognized the pope's sovereignty in the Papal State.
Peace of Constance 1183 the Lombard states, cities and areas got their own election of magistrates.
[9768 p.33]

Frederik's chronicle was written by Otto of Freising. His father was margrave Leopold III of Austria † 1136; His mother was Agnes, daughter of Emperor Henry IV † 1106; Otto was born in her second marriage. In her first marriage to Count Frederik of Büren came two sons: Duke Frederik II of Swabia, † 1147; and the later King Konrad III, 1138-1152; Her first husband died 1105 and she returned to her brother Henry IV and was part of a deal with Austria in 1105;

Otto got many brothers and sisters; seven reached adulthood:
   Adalbert m Hedvig d King Bela II of Hungary;
   Leopold IV, margrave Austria, Duke of Bavaria;
   Henry II Jasomirgott, Duke from 1141 of Austria and Bavaria;
   Otto;
   Konrad, bishop of Pasau, Archbishop of Salzburg;
   Agnes m Duke Vladislaw of Poland;
   Gertrud m Duke Vladislav II of Bohemia;
   Ita = Iulitta m margrave William VI of Montferrat;

Otto was halfbrother to Emperor Konrad III (024);
026 1190-1197 or
1191-1197		 Henrik VI = Henry VI = Heinrich VI
s(025); * 1165 in Nymwegen; † 28/9 1197 at Messina; ‡ Palermo Cathedral;
King elected 14/8 or 15/8 1169; co-ruler from 1186; sole ruler from 10/6 1190;
Emperor 14/4 1191; crowned emperor by pope Celestine III;
King of Sicily 25/12 1194 as Henry I; crowned 25/12 1194 in Palermo;

Constance of Sicily = Konstanze, * 1154; † 27/11 1198; m 28/1 1185;
Heiress to the Two Sicilies; d Roger II of Sicily, 1130-1154.
Crowned empress with her husband in 1191.
Crowned empress together with her son in 1198 by pope Innocent III.
child:
1.   Friedrich II (029), * 1194. Elected emperor before father died.

Henry organized the first fleet of the empire for the Crusade in 1195 after he had taken the cross at the diet at Bari.
Empress Constance were appointed regent of the Two Sicilies.
027 1198-1208 Filip af Schwaben = >Philip of Swabia, King of the Romans = Philipp von Schwaben;
s(025). * 1177c.; † 21/6 1208; a Hohenstaufen;
King and emperor 8/3 1198; crowned 5/9 1198;
Took the crown after his brother, but was not elected.
Assassinated in Bamberg by Otto von Wittelsbach.

Irene Angelina; m 25/5 1197; d Byzantine emperor Isaac Angelus II.
Her first m was to Roger † 24/12 1193;, s of Tancred of Lecce;
children:
1.   Beatrice; * 1198; † 1212; m Emperor Otto IV = Otto of Brunswick;
2.   Cunigunde; * 1200; † 1248; m King Wenceslas III of Bohemia; they got a son, King Ottokar II of Bohemia;
3.   Elizabeth = Beatrice the Younger; m King Ferdinand III of Castile, 1217-1252; m 1219 in Burgos by bishop Maurizio. The couple got a s, King Alfonso X of Castile; 4.   Mary of Hohenstaufen; * 1201; † 1235; m Duke Henry II of Brabant
028 1198-1218 Otto IV Welf = Otto IV of Saxony = Otto von Welfen
ggs(023); 7th son of Henry the Lion, nephew of Richard Coeur de Lion. * between 1176 and 1182; † 19/5 1218;
King 9/6 1198; or 11/11 1208 after new election;
Emperor 4/10 1209; elected king by the opposition to Philip of Swabia.
The two kings, (027) + (028), were fighting in civil wars from 1198 to 1208.

Marie of Brabant; * ca. 1190; † after 9/3 1260; m after 19/5 1214; d Duke Henry I of Brabant;
029 1212-1250
EMPEROR
1212-1220-1250		 Friederich II = Frederick I of Sicily;
s (026); * 26/12 1194, † 13/12 1250 at Fiorentino, Apulia.
King of Sicily 17/5 1198 to 1250;
King of Germany elected 1196, ruled as anti-king from 9/12 1212 and again from 23/7 1215;
King of Sicily from 1198;
Emperor 22/11 1220; crowned 1220;
On the crusade, Friedrich became King of Jerusalem 9/11 1225 and crowned himself in 1229.

Friedrich was married four times and had numerous legitimate and illegitimate children, totalling 19.

Constanza of Aragon, * 1179; † 23/6 1222 in Catania; m(1) 5/8 or 15/8 1209 or 1210; d Alfonso II, King of Aragon, Queen dowager of king Emmerich of Hungary;
Regent in Sicily;
child:
1.   Heinrich, * 1211; of Sicily; joined a Lombard revolt and died as prisoner at his father's in 1242. He m Margaret of Austria; they got:
     a) Frederick;
     b) Heinrich, -1250;
[9753]

Yolande de Brienne = Isabella de Brienne, * 1211, m(2) 9/11 1225, † 8/5 1228; d Jean de Brienne, king of Jerusalem.
children:
?.   Unnamed d, maybe Margaret, died young;
2.   Konrad IV = Conrad (030); * 25/4 1228 in Andria, Apulia; † 1254;
     Elected king of Jerusalem when 7 days old;

Bianca Lancia der Jüngeren; m(3); † 1233/1234;
children:
3.   Costanza / Anna; * 1230/1232; † April 1307 as nun in Valencia;
     m 1244 Johannes III Dukas Vatatzes, emperor of Nicaea;
4.   Manfred, * 1231; † 1266, became King of Sicily and was killed at the battle of Benevento;
     m(1) Beatrice of Savoy, d Count Amadeus IV of Savoy; they got:
      a) Constance, -1302, who m King Peter III of Aragon;
      m(2) Helena Angelina of Epirus, d Prince Michael II of Epirus; they got:
      b) Beatrice who m the Marquis Thomas of Saluzzo.

5.   Violanta; * before 1233; † after summer 1264; m 1245/46 Ricardo Graf von Caserta, † after 2/3 1265;

Isabella of England, * 1214, m(3) 15/7 or 20/7 1235, † 1/12 1241; d king John of England.
children:
6.   Henry Charles; † 1253;
7.   Margaret = Margareta; * 1237; † 8/8 1270 in Frankfurt am Main;
     m 1254 Albrecht der Entartete, † 20/11 1315, Markgraf von Meißen, Landgraf von Thüringen; they got:
     a) Margrave Frederick, claimant to Sicily;
8.   Carlotus, from 1242 called Heinrich; * 18/2 1238, † dec. 1253 or jan. 1254;
?   Frederick of Sicily - existence uncertain;
?   Carl Otto - existence uncertain;
?   Agnes of Sicily - existence uncertain;

Friedrich had further nearly a dozen registered illegitimate children:
Adelheid Enzio;
child :
9.   Enzo = Enzio, king of Sardinia, † 1271/1272; mother was Adelheid.

Richina of Wolfs'oden;
child :
10.   Margaret of Swabia; † 1297 or 1298;

By an daughter of a Sicilian count he had:
11.   Friedrich von Pettorano;

By Maria = Mathilde of Antioch:
12.   Friedrich von Antiochia; † 1256 in Foggia;

By further unknown mothers:
13.   Caterina da Marano; † after 1272;
14.   Salvaggia; † 1244; m 23/5 1238 Ezzelino da Romano, † 1259;
15.   Riccardo = Richard of Theate, Conte di Chieti; † after June 1249;
16.   Blanchefleur; † 20/6 1279 in Montargis; a nun in Montargis;
17.   Conrad of Antioch;
18.   Gerhard;

Formed alliance with Philip II Augustus, king of France, towards the Welfs. At the battle 27/7 1214 at Bouvines SE of Lille the imperial forces of Otto IV were defeated by the French.
Henry Raspe, 1246-1247 and Wilhelm of Holland, 1247-1256, were anti-kings, but never crowned.
The first laws in the German language were issued 1235 - Landfrieden von Mainz.
030 1228-1254
EMPEROR
1250-1254		 Konrad IV = Conrad IV
s(029); * 25/4 1228 in Andria; † 21/5 1254 in Lavello; ‡ Messina Cathedral, but body burned with church;
Duke of Swabia from 1235 to 1254;
King of the Romans elected Feb. 1237 in Vienna and confirmed at the Diet at Speyer in July. He ruled from 13/12 1250;
King of Sicily from 1250 or 1254;
King of Jerusalem from 1228 to 1254.

First betrothed to Irmgard von Bayern, * c.1227, but she died before m in 1235 or 1236. Upon this blow Konrad took the sister:

Isabella = Elizabeth, * 1227; † 9/10 1273; m 1/9 1246; d Otto II of Bavaria, 1206-1253, and Agnes von Braunschweig; Elizabeth m(2) Count Mainard of Gorizia; she founded the convent of Stams by Tirol where she is buried.
child:
1.   Conradin = Konradin, * 25/3 1252 by Landshut;
     Duke of Swabia from 1254 to 1268;
     King of Jerusalem;
     Senator in Rome;
     Captured by Charles of Anjou and beheaded 29/10 1268 or 1269 in Naples; ‡ S. Maria del Carmine in Naples.
     Conradin was m to Sophia von Landsberg; * 1258; † 14/8 1318 in a Weissenfels convent; m October 1266 in Bamberg or Nürnberg;
     Se nærmere om perioden i Syditalien.

 
Interregnum i perioden 1250 til 1273.


Forskellige fyrster af forskellige slægter regerede i perioder i interregnum:

Wilhelm af Holland; * 1228; † 28/1 1256; tysk modkonge fra 3/10 1247 mod Konrad IV. Wilhelm blev kronet i Aachen 1/11 1248.
Han forsøgte at vinde kejsertitlen fra 1247 til 1256;
Greve af Holland som William II af Holland fra 1234, der var hans faders, Floris IV, dødsår.
Han havde som modkonge kun få støtter, indtil Konrad IV forlod Tyskland for at tage til Sicilien. Derefter fik Wilhelm støtte af Sachsen, Brandenburg og Rhinområdets forbund.

Richard af Cornwall = Richard Earl of Cornwall;
* 6/1 1209; Earl fra 30/5 1227; † 2/4 1272;
Romernes konge 1256-1271, kronet i Aachen 17/5 1257, m(1) Isabella of Pembroke; m(2) Sanchia of Provence.
Forsøgte at blive kejser i hele perioden 1257-1272; kong John Lacklands næstældste søn og broder til Henry III.
Han deltog i korstog 1236-1240-1242; var et år regent i England, 1253, mens broder Henry III var i Gascogne.
Giftede sig tredje gang i 1269 med Beatrice af Falkenburg.

Alfons X af Castilien = Alfonso X = Alfonso the Wise = Alfonso the Learned = Alfonso el Sabio;
* 23/11 1221; † 4/4 1284;
Konge over Castilien og Leon 1252-1284;
Aspirerede til kejsertitlen i hele perioden 1257-1272; hans moder, Beatrice, var barnebarn af kejser Frederick I.
Valgt til tysk konge 1/4 1257.


Herefter indledes den lange Habsburgske periode.

Habsburgernes slægt
Omkring slutningen af 1100-tallet var de valgbemyndigede til kejservalget i Tyskland indskrænket til følgende seks:

Ærkbiskoppen af Mainz,
Ærkebiskoppen af Kölln,
Ærkebiskoppen af Trier,
Pfalzgreven, eng.: Count Palatine,
Hertugen af Sachsen,
Markgreven af Preussen og
Böhmens konge.

Note om Pfalzgreven
Oprindelsen til begrebet skal findes i antikken. På latin var der en embedsmandsstitel, palatinus; embedet var en slags slotsforvalter for kejserens slot, palatium. Ordet blev i middelalderen også benyttet om officerer tæt på en fyrste, hirdmænd, og hvis disse var fornemme nok, adelige nok, blev titlen udvidet til comes palatinus, greve.

Mere specielt blev ordet brugt om en af de tyske fyrster, der deltog i kejservalget. Oprindelsen til dette var også et (eller flere) hofembeder ved de middelalderlige tyske hoffer. Hos Karl den Store og ottonerne var embedets funktion en slags hofjurist eller statsanklager. Han administrerede edsaflæggelser, forfattede anklageskrifter og holdt register over forhandlinger i retten.

Senere i middelalderen fik han større selvstændige beføjelser og kunne dømme i visse sager. Embedet kunne samtidig omfatte andre hofadministrative funktioner inden for regnskab og organisation.

Under de efterfølgende regenter, de salisk-frankiske og de saksiske kejsere, blev titlen givet til adelsmænd, der repræsenterede kejseren eller kongen i diverse provinser, en slags amtmand eller guvernør, der sørgede for lov og orden, skatteopkrævning og at profit fra kongelige godser blev returneret til kongen. De områder, hvor dette system særligt blev brugt, var Sachsen, Bayern og Lorraine.

Embedet forsvandt efterhånden alle andre steder i Tyskland end i Lorraine, og fra Frederick I's tid blev begrebet alene knyttet til fyrsten over Lorraine - på dansk blev det til Pfalzgreven og på engelsk til Countship Palatine of the Rhine = the Palatinate. Titlen har sporadisk været anvendt både i England og i Nordamerika i kolonitiden.

Området i Tyskland, der blev Pfalzgrevens, er delt i to. Det ene ligger på begge sider af Rhinen mellem Mainflodens og Neckarflodens udløb i Rhinen med hovedstad i Heidelberg. Det andet område ligger i Bayerns nordlige del omkring floden Naab, før den løber ud i Donau og derfra mod Böhmens skove mod øst. Efter middelalderen har områderne haft omskiftelige fyrster og været del i religionskrigene omkring reformationen. Note om Begge Sicilier
Begrebet Begge Sicilier eller den engelske betegnelse The Two Sicilies dækker over rigsdannelser for området Syditalien og øen Sicilien. Men betegnelserne passer kun inden for bestemte tidsperioder. Engelsk historie anvender udtrykket om perioden fra ca. 1450 til ca. 1850, mens historieskrivningen fra Danmark anfører tidsperioden som smallere brugt korrekt om årene 1815-1861. Se regentlisterne fra 1266 sidst i de franske lister. Mere omfattende er området behandlet i teksten om normannerne.

Områderne blev først forenet under samme styre af normannerne i det elvte århundrede, hvor Robert Guiscard og hans broder Roger I erobrede landene fra muslimerne, de byzantinske kejsere og lombarderne fra Norditalien. Normannerfyrsten Roger II, Roger Is søn, tog i 1130 kongetitlen af Sicilien og Apulien. Forårsaget af ægteskab mellem Roger IIs datter, Constantia, og Henrik, tysk prins af Hohenstaufenslægten, senere Henrik VI (026), tog denne slægt fra ca. 1180 kongetitlen over Sicilien til sig, og i 1194 blev Henrik VI kronet i Palermos domkirke. Særligt for Henrik VIs søn, Frederick II, kejser fra 1198 til 1250, blev området en betydelig brik i hans politiske liv.

Efter Hohenstauferne var uddøde, gik omåderne til den franske kong Louis IXs broder, Karl af Anjou = Charles af Anjou fra 1266, og han flyttede hovedstaden fra Palermo til Napoli og regerede med hård hånd indtil 1282, hvor et oprør - begivenheden kaldes for den Sicilianske Vesper - fik området løsrevet fra Anjouerne.
[9753]

Områderne blev nu separeret, og den franske fyrsteslægt, Angevinerne, fik herredømmet over Syditalien, mens det spanske dynasti fra Aragonien fik øen Sicilien under den daværende kong Peter III, der var svigersøn til Manfred (under 029), der havde været statholder på Sicilien og var Frederick IIs søn. De siddende regenter i begge områder påkaldte sig titlen konge af Sicilien. Sicilien blev dog hurtigt delvis selvstyrende, for efter Peter IIIs død allerede i 1285 blev styret overdraget hans yngre sønner: Jakob fra 1285-1291 og Frederick fra 1291-1337.

De to områder blev igen forenet i 1443 under den aragonske konge, Alfonso V. Ved den lejlighed tog han den latinske titel Rex Utriusque Siciliae = king of the Two Sicilies. Samme titel benyttede hans to efterfølgende generationer: sønnen Ferdinand I og sønnesønnen Ferdinand II.

Fra 1504 var området under spansk overherredømme og blev regeret af vicekonger. Titlen blev genbrugt af regenterne op gennem århundrederne - for det meste Habsburgere og spaniere - og fra 1815 til 1861 blev det officielle navn på områderne Begge Sicilier = The Two Sicilies. Derefter indgik områderne i den nydannede italienske stat. Ved kundgørelsen om sammenlægningen den 12/12 1816 ændrede kong Ferdinand V sin titel til kong Ferdinand I, og sammenlægningen havde kongen dog accepteret betingelserne for allerede den 12/7 1815. Der var tale om en østrigsk lydkonge.

--- Og nu retur til de tyske kejsere:
No. Living
Ruling		 Names and remarks
031 1218-1291
(EMPEROR)
1273-1291		 Rudolf I of Habsburg
* 1/5 1218, † 15/7 1291; ‡ Speyer Cathedral; s Albert IV, the founder of the Habsburg line, and Countess Heilwige of Kiburg.
Count of Habsburg 1239 to 1291;
Elected king and emperor 1/10 1273, the royal coronation took place at Aachen 23/10 or 24/10 1273.
Rudolf was never crowned emperor.

Gertrude of Hohenberg called Anna from 1273; * c.1225; † 16/2 1281; m(1) 1245 in Elsass;
children:
1.   Mathilda; * 1253; m 1273, † 23/12 1304; m 24/10 1273 Louis II of Bavaria = Ludwig II der Strenge von Bayern;
2.   Albert; * 1255, † 1/5 1308; from 1282 Duke of Austria; later emperor (033);
3.   Catherine = Katharina; * 1256 or 1265; m 1279, † 4/4 1282; m 1279 Otto III, * 11/2 1261 - † 9/9 1312, of Bavaria or Lower Bavaria - also ruler in Hungary;
4.   Agnes Gertrud; * 1257; † 11/10 1322; m 1273 Albert II of Saxony, 1250-25/8 1298;
5.   Hedwig; * 1258; † 1303; m 1270 Otto of Brandenburg, 1238-27/11 1309;
6.   Clementia; * 1262; † 7/2 1293; m 1281 King Charles I Martel of Anjou and Hungary, 1271-12/8 1295;
7.   Hartmann count of Habsburg; * 1263; † 20/12 1281;
8.   Rudolf II; * 1270; m 1289, † 10/5 1290; from 1282 Duke of Swabia and Austria;
Rudolf's two children were married to Ottokar II's two daughters before the fathers' conflict escalated and ended with the battle at Marchfeld 26/8 1278. Ottokar's allies were Brandenburg, Meissen, Thuringia, Bavaria, Poland, Silesia and Czechia, while Rudolf commanded troops from Austria, Styria, Switzerland, Hungary and Kumanovo (Macedonia).

(According to the [9622] genealogies Rudolf only had one son, John the Parricide, 1290-1313).

When Rudolf died, three cantons in Switzerland prepared for independence and formed the original free Switzerland, and the date, when the news was learned, the 1st of August, is still the national day of Switzerland.
  9.   Guta = Juta; * 13/3 1271; † 18/6 1297; m 1285 King Wenceslas II of Bohemia, 17/9 1271 - 21/6 1305;
10.   Karl count of Habsburg; * 14/2 1276; † 16/8 1276;

Isabelle of Burgundy = Agnes von Burgund; * c.1270; † 1323; m(2) May 1284 in Besancon; d Hugh IV of Burgundy;
no children;
032 1250-1298
1292-1298		 Adolf of Nassau
* 1250; † 2/7 1298;
Adolf was deposed 23/6 1298 by the electors. He was killed in battle with the new-elected, Albert I, at Göllheim.
Adolf had good relationships with the English Edward I and promoted him to imperial vicar of the Netherlands.
King of Germany elected 5/5 1291 or 1292;
033 1255-1308
EMPEROR
1298-1308		 Albert I of Austria = Albrekt I
s 031. * 1255; † 1/5 1308; Habsburg line.
Elected King of the Romans = Germany 28/7 1298, crowned 24/8 1298;
He was an ally of France and in oppposition with the pope; later he changed his sympathies in order to obtain the imperial crown.
From 30/4 1303 the church recognized Albert as king, and 17/7 1303 he accepted the terms from the papacy - that the papacy alone could transfer the imperial crown.
Albert I was murdered by a nephew 1/5 1308.

Elizabeth of Tyrol; m 1274;
children:
1.   Anne; * 1280; † 1328;
     m(1) Hermann of Brandenburg 1295;
     m(2) Henry of Breslau 1310;
2.   Agnes, * 1281, † 1364;
     m 1296 King Andras III of Hungary, later widowed and prioress at Königfelden.
3.   Rudolf III; * 1282; † 1307; King of Bohemia, Duke of Austria;
     m(1) Blanche of France 1300;
     m(2) Elisabeth of Poland 1306;
4.   Elisabeth; * ?; † 1352;
     m Frederick of Lorraine 1306;
5.   Frederick the Handsome = Frederick the Fair; (036); * 1289; † 1330;
     m 1315;
     Disputed king, defeated in the run for empire in 1322, Mühldorff Battle, prisoner of Ludwig (035);
6.   Leopold I; * 1289; † 1326;
     m Catherine of Savoy 1315; they got:
     a) Catherine, 1320-1349;
     b) Agnes, 1321-1392;
8.   Catherine; * 1295; † 1323;
     m Charles of Sicily-Anjou (Nap. N14); 1316;
9.   Albert II the Wise;(133); * 1298; † 1358;
     m Johanna of Pfirt 1324;
133 - Albert II the Wise
s 033; * 1298; † 1358;

Johanna of Pfirt; * ?, m 1324, † ?;
1.   Rudolf IV; * 1339; † 1365; The Founder Duke of Austria;
     m Catharine of Luxemburg 1357;
2.   Catharine; * 1342; † 1381; Abbess;
3.   Margaret; * 1346; † 1366;
     m(1) Meinhard of Bavaria 1359; m(2) Johann of Tyrol 1364;
4.   Frederick III; * 1347; † 1362; Duke of Austria;
5.   Albert III; (238); * 1348; † 1395; Duke of Austria;
     m(1) Elisabeth of Bohemia 1366;
     m(2) Beatrix of Nuremberg 1375;
6.   Leopold III; (239); * 1351; † 1386; Duke of Austria, killed at Sempach;
     m Viridis Visconti 1365;
034 1308-1313 Henry VII = Henry IV of Luxemburg = Henrik VII af Luxemburg
* 12/7 1274 or 1278 or 1279; † 24/8 1313 near Siena.
His brother, archbishop Baldwin of Trier, lobbied for his brother, who was electe
King of Germany 27/11 1308-1313 and reigned as Henry VII, crowned 6/1 1309.
Count of Luxemburg and Laroche;
Margrave of Arlon;
Crowned Rome, Lateran, 29/6 1312;

Margaret of Brabant; * 4/10 1276; † 14/12 1311; m 9/6 1292; d Duke John I of Brabant;
children :
1.   John; m Elizabeth; d Wenzel II; the couple got the duchy of Bohemia which was transferred from Henry of Carinthia during the diet at Frankfurt in 1310.
035 1314-1347 Ludwig the Bavarian = Ludwig IV = Ludvig af Bayern, Wittelsbach
* 1283c; † 11/10 1347;
King 25/11 1314 in Italy;
Emperor 17/1 1328;

?;
child:
1.   Beatrice; * 1344; † 1359; m Erik XII of Sweden;

Excommunicated 1324. He was allied with the Ghibelline party in Italy.
Crowned as excommunicated in Rome 1328 by Sciarra Colonna, a layman. At Whitsunday he was crowned again by pope Nicholas V.
Edward III met Ludwig in 1338, and Edward was appointed imperial vicar of the Netherlands, but denounced the title shortly after.
036 1289-1330
KING
1314-1330		 Frederick II of Austria of Habsburg = Friedrich der Schöne = Frederick the Fair = Frederik den Smukke
s 033; * 1289, † 13/1 1330;
Anti-king of Germany 25/11 1314;
The king ruled in Bohemia as Johann 7/2 1311 to 26/8 1346.

Isabella of Aragon, m 1315;
children:
1.   Frederick; * 1316; † 1322;
2.   Elisabeth; * 1317; † 1336;
3.   Anna; * 1318; † 1343;
     m(1) Henry of Bavaria 1328; m(2) John of Goerz 1336;
037 1346-1378 Charles IV of Luxemburg = Karl IV af Böhmen, Luxemburg = Wenzel (baptized)
* 14/5 1316 in Praha; † 29/11 1378; s king John of Bohemia and Elizabeth; gs (034); ggs (031).
From 1323 he was brought up by his uncle, Charles V of France.
Anti-king of Germany, crowned 26/11 1346; King of Germany from 11/7 1346.
King of Bohemia 26/8 1346 or 2/9 1347 as Karl I;
King of Lombardy from 6/1 1355;
Emperor elect from 11/7 1346, crowned in Rome at Easter 5/4 1355 by a papal legate.

Elected Roman king 17/6 1349, crowned 25/7 1349;
King of Burgundy from 4/6 1365, crowned at Arles.
The Golden Bull issued 1356 was an important electoral instrument stating the seven electors with the archbishop of Mainz as president.

Blanche of Valois = Blanca Margarete von Valois; m(1) 1329; niece to Charles V of France.
children:
1.   Margarete; * 1335; † 1349; m 1338 King Ludwig I of Hungary and Poland;
2.   Katharina; * 1342, † 1395; m(1) 1353 Duke Rudolf IV of Austria = Rudolf the Founder; he died when 26; no children; m(2) 1366 Kurfürst Otto V von Brandenburg;

Anna von der Pfalz; m 1349;
child:
3.   Wenzel; * 1350; † 1351;

Anna von Schweidnitz; m(3) 1353;
children:
4.   Elisabeth; * 1358; † 1373; m 1366 Duke Albrecht III of Austria;
5.   Wenzel IV (039); * 1361; † 1419; King of Bohemia; m(1) 1370 Johanna von Bayern; m(2) 1389 Sophie von Bayern;

Elisabeth von Pommern; m(4) 1365;
children:
6.   Anne; * 1366; † 1394;
     m King Richard II of England;
7.   Sigismund, (042); * 1368; † 1437; Margrave of Brandenburg; emperor;
8.   John = Johann von Görlitz, Duke of Görlitz; * 1370; † 1396; margrave of Brandenburg; m 1388 Richardis von Mecklenburg-Schwerin;
9.   Karl; * 1372; † 1373;
10.   Margarete; * 1373; † 1410; m 1387 Burggraf Johann III von Nürnberg;
11.   Heinrich; * 1377; † 1378;


After the death of Rudolf, the Habsburg family was divided into two lines: the Albertine line and the Leopoldine line.
038 1347-1349 Gunther of Schwarzburg
† 14/6 1349;
Anti-king of Germany 30/1 1349; abdicated 24/5 1349; never crowned;
238 - Albert III
s 133; * 1348, † 1395;

Elisabeth of Bohemia, m(1) 1366;
no children;


Beatrix of Nuremberg, m(2) 1375;
child:
1.   Albert IV; * 1377; m 1390, † 1404; Duke of Austria, m Johanna of Bavaria;
338 - Albert IV
s 238; * 1377, † 1404;

Johanna of Bavaria, m 1390;
children:
1.   Margaret; * 1395; † 1447; m Henry of Bavaria 1412;
2.   Albert V; (044); * 1397; m 1421, † 1439;
039 1378-1400 Wenceslas of Bohemia = Wenzel IV af Böhmen, Luxemburg
s 037; * 1361; † 1419 at Prague;
German king as Wenzel IV;
King of Bohemia as Wenceslas IV, crowned 1363; deposed by his halfbrother Sigismund in 1402;
King of the Romans 1376;
He was never crowned in Rome. Taken into custody in Austria by cousin Jobst. Deposed 1400 for insanity and cruelty, however he kept his title as King of Germany for the rest of his life, and was later released. In 1402 he was imprisoned again for a while, later he took to drinking.

Jan Hus was executed 1415.

Joanna of Lower Bavaria; m(1); † 1386;
No children

Sophia of Bavaria; m(2) 1389;
No children
239 - Leopold III
s 133; * 1351, † 1386;
Duke of Austria and Styria; killed at the battle of Sempach;

Viridis Visconti, m 1365;
children:
1.   William; * 1370; m 1401, † 1406; m Jeanne of Anjou (Nap. N16-3);
2.   Leopold IV the Proud; * 1371; † 1411; Duke of Austria and Styria;
     m Catherine of Burgundy 1393;
3.   Ernest the iron Duke of Austria, (339); * 1377; † 1424;
      m(1) Margaret of Pomerania 1392; m(2) Cymberga of Masovia 1412;
4.   Elisabeth; * 1378; † 1392;
5.   Frederick IV of the Empty Purse; * 1382; † 1439; Duke of Tyrol;
      m(1) Elisabeth of the Palatinate 1407 - no children;
      m(2) Anne of Brunswick 1410; got son: Duke Sigismund of Tyrol, 1427-1496;
6.   Catharine; * ?; † 1391; Abbess;
339 - Ernest the Iron Duke of Austria
s 239; * 1377, † 1424; Duke of Austria and Styria;

Margaret of Pomerania, m(1) 1392;
no children:

Cymberga of Masovia; m(2) 1412;
children:
1.   Frederick III; (045); * 1440; m 1452, † 1493;
2.   Margaretha; * 1416; † 12/2 1486; m 1431 Frederick of Saxony, 1412-1464;
3.   Albert VI; * 18/12 1418; † 2/12 1463; Duke of Austria; m 1452 Mathilde of the Rhine;
4.   Katharine; * 1424; † 11/9 1493; m 1447 Karl of Baden, 1424-1475;
5-9.   5 more children; died in infancy;
040 1400 Frederick of Brunswick-Luneburg anti-king;
041 1400-1410 Rupert III of the Palatinate = Ruprekt af Pfalz
† 18/5 1410. He was of Rudolf I's kin (031).
King of Romans from 21/8 1400. Failed with nearly all political entreprises.

child:
1.   John, Count of the Palatinate; m Catherine of Pomerania;
     They got Christoffer of Bavaria, King of Denmark;
042 1368-1437
EMPEROR 1433-1437		 Sigismund of Bohemia-Hungary = Sigismund af Ungarn, Luxemburg
s 037; * 1368; † 9/12 1437;
King of Hungary 31/3 1387;
King of Germany from 20/9 1410;
King of Bohemia 29/7 1420;
King of Lombardy 25/11 1431;
Emperor 31/3 1433.

Maria von Ungarn; † 1392; m(1) 1385; d Louis I the Great of Hungary;
child:
1.   Elisabeth, m Duke Albert of Austria (044), founded the Austrian line who ruled Austria to 1918.

Barbara von Cilli; m(2) 1408;
043 1410-1411 Jobst of Moravia anti-king;
bs 037; † 18/1 1411;
King of Germany 1/10 1410;
044 1397-1439
EMPEROR
1437-1439		 Albert II = Albrecht II = Albert V of Austria
s(338); gggs 033; * 1397; † 27/10 1439 in Vienna.
Elected King of the Romans 18/3 1438;
King of Bohemia 29/6 1438;
King of Hungary 1/1 1438;

Elisabeth of Luxemburg, m 1421;
children:
1.   Anne; * 1432; † 1462;
     m 1446 William of Saxony;
2.   George; * 1435; † 1435;
3.   Elisabeth; * 1437; † 1505;
     m 1454 King Casimir IV of Poland;
4.   Ladislaus; * 1440; † 1457; Posthumus King of Hungary and Bohemia;

Albert II can be reckoned as the first of the Albertine-Habsburg line now ruling to 1745, followed by the Habsburg-Lothringian line to 1871 and eventually - with interruption of the revolution in 1806 - to 1918.
045 1415-1493
EMPEROR
1440-1493		 Frederick III of Styria = Friedrich III von Steiermark = Frederick V of Inner Austria
s(339), gggs(033). * 21/9 1415; † 18-19/8 1493 in Linz when he had his leg amputated; Leopoldine line; ‡ Stephansdom Vienna.
Archduke of Lower Austria and Duke of Styria + Carinthia + Carniola from 1424 as Frederick V; co-ruler Albert VI to 1463;
King of Germany 6/4 1440 as Friedrich IV;
King of Lombardy, Italy 16/3 1452;
Holy Roman Emperor 19/3 1452 as Friedrich III, crowned in Rome 1452 by Nicolas V;
King of Hungary 4/3 1459;
Later called Frederick the Fat; Duke of Inner Austria;
His brother was Albert VI of Upper Austria, * 18/12 1418, † 2/12 1463. Frederick took over in 1463;
His nephew Ladislaus Posthumus ruled Lower Austria. Frederick took over in 1457.
His nephew Sigismund ruled Tirol. Frederick took over.
Agreed to the Vienna Concordat with the Vatican; the tractate was in force until 1806;

Eleanor of Portugal = Leonora, * 1434, m 1452, † 1467; after the wedding she changed her name to Helena; d King Duarte = Edward; gd João I of Portugal;
children:
1.   Christopher of Austria, * 16/11 1455, † 21/3 1456;
2.   Maximilian, * 22/3 1459, † 12/1 1519, (046);
3.   Helene, * 3/11 1460, † 28/2 1461;
4.   Cunegunde = Kunigunde, * 15/3 1465, † 6/8 1520; m 2/1 1487 Albert IV the Wise of Bavaria, 1447-1508;
5.   John, * 9/8 1466, † 10/2 1467;
046 1442-1519
EMPEROR
1493-1519		 Maximilian I Archduke of Austria-Burgundy; »The Last Knight«
s 045. * 22/3 1459 at Wiener-Neustadt; † 12/1 1519 at Wels;
Elected king of the Romans 16/2 1468, ruled from and crowned Aachen 9/4 1468; Joint rule of father and son for the next seven years;
King of Burgundy from 1477;
King of Hungary 4/4 1490;
Emperor elect from 1486 or 1493, as he could not reach Rome for a crowning because of the Venetian opposition.
Pope Julius II consented the election 4/2 1508;
The 6/2 1508 in Trent Cathedral a bit N of Lake Garda he took the title »Roman Emperor Elect« and began his reign 10/2 1508;

Through his wife Maximilian became heir to the anti-French Burgundy and parts of the old Lorraine areas in the Netherlands and along the French eastern borders.

Mary of Burgundy = Mary the Rich; * 1457; † 27/3 1482; m(1) 18/8 1477; d Charles the Bold Duke of Burgundy; The Valois dynasty;
children:
1.   Philip (146), * 22/6 1478, † 25/9 1508;
     later Philip I the Handsome of Spain (146) through marriage 1496 to
     Juana of Castile = Joanna the Mad of Castile, 1479-1506, second d Ferdinand and Isabella of Aragon & Castile [9495 p.139];
2.   Margaret of Austria (046a), = la tante de l'Europe; * 10/1 1480, † 1/12 1530; betrothed to Charles VIII of France, sent back later, as Charles wanted in stead to marry Duchess Anne of Brittany, then already married by proxy to Maximilian.
   Margaret m(1) 1497 crown prince Juan of Castile, 1478-1497, s Ferdinand and Isabella of Aragon & Castile;
   m(2) 1501 Philibert of Saxony, 1480-1504;
3.   Franz, * 1481, † 1481;

Anne of Brittany, Duchess, m(2) 1490, the marriage was desolved later after pressure from France;
no children;

Bianca Maria Sforza of Milan, * 1472, m(3) 1494, † 1510; she was the niece of Duke Ludovico Moro of Milan [9495 p.139].
no children;

Maximilian had a further 13 registered children outside wedlock.
146 - Philip I of Spain = Philip I the Handsome of Spain
s(046); * 22/6 1478, † 25/9 1506 or 1508;

Juana of Castile = Joanna the Mad of Castile; * 1479, m 1496, † 1555, second d Ferdinand and Isabella of Aragon & Castile;
children:
1.   Eleanor, * 24/11 1498, † 18/2 1558;
     m(1) 1518 King Manuel of Portugal, 1469-1521
     m(2) 1530 King Francis I of France, 1494-1547;
2.   Charles V (047), * 24/2 1500, † 21/9 1558;
3.   Isabella, * 18/7 1501, † 19/1 1526;
     m 1515 Christian II of Denmark, 1481-1559;
4.   Ferdinand I (048), * 1503, † 1564;
5.   Mary, * 17/9 1505, m 1522, † 18/10 1558; m Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia, 1506-1526;
6.   Catherine, * 14/1 1507, m 1525, † 12/2 1578;
     m King John III of Portugal, 1502-1557;
047 1500-1558
EMPEROR
1519-1556		 Charles V = Charles I of Spain from 1516-1556;
s(146), * 24/2 1500 at Prinsenhof in Ghent; † 21/9 1558;
King of Castile and Aragon from 1516;
Archduke Charles I of Austria from 1519-1521;
King of Germany 28/6 1519, crowned in Aachen 23/10 1520;
German-Roman Emperor elect 26/10 1520, and ruled from 24/2 1530, crowned in Bologna 24/2 1530 by pope Clement VII; the last emperor to be crowned by a pope. Abdicated 23/8 1556 or 7/9 1556 the imperial crown; he had already 25/10 1555 abdicated the Netherlands;
King Lombardy, Italy 22/2 1530, crowned in Bologna 22/2 1530;

Duke of Burgundy;
King of Hungary;
He was raised by Margaret of York and later by his aunt Margaret of Austria (046a), after his father's death 1506; he was known in France as Charles-Quint;

He was confronted with Martin Luther from 1517 and forward.

Isabella of Portugal, * 1503, m 1526, † 1539; d King Manuel I of Portugal;
children:
1.   Philip II of Spain, (147) * 21/5 1527, † 13/9 1598;
     m Mary of England;
2.   Mary of Spain, * 21/6 1528, m 1548, † 26/2 1603; m Maximilian II, 1527-1576, (049);
3.   Isabella of Spain, * 1529, † 1529;
4.   Ferdinand of Spain, * 1530, † 1530;
5.   Juana of Spain, * 24/6 1537, m 1552, † 7/9 1573; m Prince John of Portugal, 1537-1554;
6.   Juan of Spain, * 1538, † 1538;
7.   Ferdinand, * 1539, † 1539;

Born outside wedlock by:
Johanna van der Gheenst:
8.   Margaret of Parma = Margaret of Austria, * 1521/1522, † 18/1 1586;
     Governor general of the Netherlands 1559-1567;
     m(1) 1536 Alessandro de Medici, Duke of Florence, * 1510, † 1537;
     m(2) 1538 Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma, 1524-1586, duke from 1547,
     child of m(2):
     Alessandro Farnese.

9.   John of Austria, * 24/2 1547, † 1/10 1578; mother unknown to me. John was supreme commander of the fleet against the Turks at the Battle of Lepanto Sunday 7/10 1571;
147 - Philip II of Spain
s(047), * 21/5 1527, † 13/9 1598;
Inherited burgundy after (047);

Maria of Portugal, * 1527, m(1) 1543, † 1545;
children:
1.   Carlos, Prince of Asturias, * 8/7 1545, † 24/7 1568;

Mary I, Queen of England, * 1516, m(2) 1554, † 1558;
no children;

Elisabeth of France, * 1545, m(3) 1560, † 1568;
children:
2.   Isabella, * 12/8 1566, m 1599, † 1/12 1633;
     m Archduke Cardinal Albert of Austria, 1559-1621;
3.   Catalina, * 10/10 1567, m 1585, † 6/11 1597;
     m Duke Charles Emanuel of Saxony, 1562-1630;

Anna of Austria, d (049); * 1549, m(4) 1570, † 1580; Philip's cousin;
children:
4.   Ferdinand of Spain, * 4/12 1571, † 18/10 1578;
5.   Carlos Lorenzo, * 12/8 1573, † 30/6 1575;
6.   Diego, * 12/7 1575, † 12/11 1582;
7.   Philip III, (248); * 14/4 1578, m 1599, † 31/3 1621;
      m cousin Archduchess Margaretha of Austria, 1584-1611, (148);
     King of Spain as Philip III from 13/9 1598,
     King of Portugal as Philip II;
      Spain and Portugal had shared monarchs 1580-1640;
8.   Maria, * 14/2 1580, † 5/8 1583;

Philip had a further 4 registered children born out of wedlock.
048 1503-1564
EMPEROR
1558-1564		 Ferdinand I = Ferdinand of Austria
s 146, * 1503; † 25/7 1564;
King of Hungary 16/12 1526;
King of Bohemia 21/2 1527;
King of Romans 5/1 1531;
Emperor 24/2 1556 after brother Charles' abdication;

Anne of Hungary, * 1503, m 1521, † 1547;
children:
  1.   Elisabeth, * 9/6 1526, † 15/6 1545; m 1543 Sigmund of Poland, 1520-1572;
  2.   Maximilian II, (049), * 31/7 1527, † 12/10 1576;
  3.   Anne, * 7/7 1528, † 16/10 1590; m 1546 Albert V, Duke of Bavaria, 1528-1579;
  4.   Ferdinand of Tyrol, * 14/6 1529, † 24/1 1595;
     m(1) 1557 Philippina Welser, 1527-1580;
     m(2) 1582 Anna Gonzaga of Mantua, 1566-1621;
  5.   Maria, * 15/5 1531, † 11/12 1581; m 1546 William the Rich, Duke of Cleves, 1516-1592;
  6.   Magdalena, * 14/8 1532, † 10/9 1590;
  7.   Katharina, * 15/9 1533, † 28/2 1572;
     m(1) 1549 Francisco III, Duke of Mantua, 1533-1550;
     m(2) 1553 Sigmund II Augustus, King of Poland, 1520-1572;
  8.   Eleonora, * 2/11 1534, † 5/8 1594; m 1561 Duke Guillermo I Gonzaga of Mantua, 1538-1587;
  9.   Margaretha, * 16/2 1536, † 12/3 1567;
10.   Johann, * 10/4 1538, † 20/3 1539;
11.   Barbara, * 30/4 1539, † 19/9 1572; m 1565 Duke Alfonso II d'Este of Modena, 1533-1597;
12.   Charles of Styria, (148); * 5/6 1540, † 10/7 1590; m 1571 Marie of Bavaria, 1551-1608;
13.   Ursula, * 24/7 1541, † 30/4 1543;
14.   Helena, * 7/1 1543, † 5/3 1574;
15.   Johanna, * 24/1 1547, † 10/4 1578; m 1565 Francesco I Grand Duke of Tuscany, 1541-1587;
148 - Charles of Styria;
s 048, * 5/6 1540, † 10/7 1590;

Marie of Bavaria, * 1551, m 1571, † 1608;
children:
  1.   Ferdinand, * 1572, † 1572;
  2.   Anna, * 10/11 1572, † 10/2 1598; m 1592 Sigismund III of Poland;
  3.   Maria, * 10/11 1574, † 16/4 1621; m 1595 Sigismund II Bathory, 1572-1613;
  4.   Catherina, * 13/3 1577, † 29/6 1595;
  5.   Elisabeth, * 13/3 1577, † 29/1 1586;
  6.   Ferdinand II, (052); * 6/7 1578, m(1) 1600, m(2) 1622, † 15/2 1637;
  7.   Karl, * 17/7 1579, † 1579;
  8.   Georgiana, * 22/3 1581, † 20/9 1597;
  9.   Eleonora, * 25/9 1582, † 28/1 1620;
10.   Maximilian Ernst, * 17/11 1583, † 18/2 1616;
11.   Margaretha, * 25/12 1584, † 3/10 1611; m 1599 Philip III, 1578-1621 (248);
12.   Leopold V of Tyrol, * 8/10 1586, † 13/9 1632; m 1626 Claudia de Medici, 1604-1648;
13.   Constantia, * 24/12 1588, † 10/7 1631; m 1605 King Sigismund III of Poland;
14.   Magdalena = Maria Maddalena, * 7/10 1589, m 1608, † 1/11 1631;
      m Duke Cosimo II of Tuscany, 1590-1621;
15.   Karl Josef, * 7/8 1590, † 28/12 1624;
248 - Philip III
s 147, * 14/4 1578, † 31/3 1621;
King of Spain;

Margaretha of Austria, * 1584, m 1599, † 1611;
children:
1.   Anna of Austria; * 23/9 1601; m 1615, † ?; m Louis XIII of France;
2.   Maria; * 1/2 1603; † 1603;
3.   Philip IV; (149) * 8/4 1605; m(1) 1615, m(2) 1649, † 17/9 1665;
4.   Maria Anna of Austria; * 18/8 1606; † 13/5 1646; m 1631 Ferdinand III, (053),
5.   Carlos of Spain; * 15/9 1607; † 30/7 1632;
6.   Cardinal Ferdinand of Spain; * 16/5 1609; † 30/7 1632;
7.   Margareta of Spain; * 24/5 1610; † 1/3 1617;
8.   Alfonso; * 22/9 1611; † c.1611;
049 1564-1576 Maximilian II
s 048, * 31/7 1527; † 12/10 1576;
King of Germany 24/11 1562;
King of Bohemia 25/4 1548 or 1562 to 1576;
King of Hungary 8/9 1563 to 1576;
Emperor 25/7 1564;

Maria of Spain, * 1528, m 1548, † 1603; dCharles I of Spain;
children, Nos. 1, 2, 4-15 are all archdukes or -duchesses of Austria:
  1.   Anna, * 2/11 1549, † 26/10 1580; m 1570 Philip II of Spain; + (147)
  2.   Ferdinand, * 25/3 or 28/3 1551, † 25/6 1551 or 1552;
  3.   Rudolf II, (050); * 18/7 1552, † 20/1 1612;
  4.   Ernest, * 15/6 1553, † 20/2 1595;
  5.   Elisabeth, * 5/6 1554, m 1570, † 22/1 1592; m Charles IX, King of France, 1550-1574;
  6.   Maria, * 27/7 1555, † 25/6 1555 or 1556;
  7.   Matthias, (051); * 24/2 1557, m 1611, † 20/3 1619;
  7a.   Un-named, * 20/10 1557;
  8.   Maximilian, * 12/10 1558, † 2/11 1618;
  9.   Cardinal Albert, * 13/11 or 15/11 1559, m 1599, † 13/7 1621; Archbishop of Toledo; m Isabella, 1566-1633;
10.   Wenzel, * 9/3 1561, † 22/9 1578;
11.   Friedrich, * 21/6 1562, † 1562 or 16/1 1563;
12.   Maria, * 19/2 1564, † 26/3 1564;
13.   Karl, * 26/9 1565, † 1565 or 23/5 1566;
14.   Margaretha, * 25/1 1567, † 5/7 1633;
15.   Eleonora, * 4/11 1568, † 12/3 1580;
149 - Philip IV
s 248; * 8/4 1605; † 17/9 1665;
King of Spain and Valladolid;

Elisabeth of France, * 1602, m(1) 1615, † 1644;
children:
1.   Maria, * 1621, † 1621;
2.   Margareta, * 1624, † 1624;
3.   Maria Eugenia, * 21/11 1625, † c.1625;
4.   Isabella, * 1637?, † 1637?;
5.   Balthasar Carlos Prince of Asturias, * 17/1 1636, † 9/10 1646;
6.   Maria Antonia, * 17/1 1636, † c.1636;
7.   Maria Theresa, * 20/9 1638, m 1660, † 30/7 1683; m Louis XIV of France;

Maria Anna of Austria, * 1637, m(2) 1649, † 1696;
children:
  8.   Margareta Maria Theresa, * 12/7 1651, † 12/3 1673; m 1666 Leopold I, (054);
  9.   Maria Ambrosia, * 1655, † 1655;
10.   Felipe Prosper, * 28/12 1657, † 1/11 1661;
11.   Tomas Carlos, * 23/12 1658, † c.1658;
12.   Carlos II, * 6/11 1661, † 1/11 1700; King of Spain;
     m(1) 1679 Marie Louise of France, 1662-1689;
     m(2) 1690 Maria Anna of Pfalz-Neuburg, 1667-1740;
050 1552-1612
EMPEROR
1576-1612		 Rudolf II
s 049. * 18/7 1552; † 20/1 1612 NS;
King 27/10 1575;
Emperor 12/10 1576;
Crowned King of Hungary 25/9 1572 as Rudolf I;
King of Bohemia 22/9 1575 as Rudolf II;
Archduke of Austria 1576 as Rudolf V;
no children; mentally unstable;

He bought the journals of Tycho Brahe.
 
The dukes and grand dukes of Mecklenburg from 1611
are listed in Saxony - a Danish text.

 
051 1557-1619
EMPEROR
1612-1619		 Matthias
s 049; * 24/2 1557; † 20/3 1619;
Emperor 13/6 1612;
King of Hungary 26/6 1608 as Matthias II;
King of Bohemia from 23/5 1611;

Anna of Tyrol, * 1585, m 1611, † 1618;
no children;
052 1578-1637
EMPEROR
1619-1637		 Ferdinand II of Styria = Ferdinand II von Steiermark
s 148, bs 049; * 6/7 1578, † 15/2 1637;
Emperor 28/8 1619;
King of Bohemia 29/6 1617;
King of Hungary 1/7 1618;

Maria Anna of Bavaria; * 1574, m(1) 1600, † 1616;
children:
1.   Christina, * 25/5 1601, † 21/6 1601;
2.   Karl, * 25/5 1603, † 25/5 1603;
3.   Johann Karl, * 1/11 1605, † 26/12 1619;
4.   Ferdinand III, (053); * 13/7 1608, m(1) 1631, m(2) 1648, m(3) 1651, † 2/4 1657;
5.   Maria Anna, * 1610, m 1635, † 1665; m Maximilian of Bavaria;
6.   Cecilia Renata, * 1611, † 1644; m 1637 King Ladislaus IV of Poland;
7.   Leopold William, * 1614, † 1652; became regent of the Netherlands;

Eleonora Gonzaga; * 1598, m(2) 1622, † 1655;
no children;
053 1608-1657
EMPEROR
1637-1658		 Ferdinand III
s 052; * 13/7 1608; † 2/4 1657;
King of Hungary 8/12 1625;
King of Bohemia 27/11 1627;
King of Germany 22/12 1636;
Emperor 15/2 1637;

Maria Anna; (248); * 1606, m(1) 1631, † 1646; dFelipe III of Spain;
children:
1.   Ferdinand, * 8/9 1633, † 9/7 1654; King of Bohemia, King of Hungary;
      and also Roman King from 24/5 1653 as Ferdinand IV;
2.   Maria Anna, * 24/12 1635, m 1649, † 16/5 1696; m King Philip IV of Spain, 1606-1665;
3.   Philip Augustus, * 15/7 1637, † c.1637;
4.   Maximilian Thomas, * 21/12 1638, † c.1638;
5.   Leopold I, * 6/6 1640, m(1) 1666, m(2) 1673, m(3) 1676, † 5/5 1705;
053a - Ferdinand IV
s 053; * 8/9 1633, † 9/7 1654 of smallpox;
King of Hungary 16/6 1647;
King of Bohemia 5/8 1646;
King of Germany 24/5 1653, crowned in Regensburg;

054 1640-1705
EMPEROR
1658-1705		 Leopold I
s 053; * 6/6 1640; † 5/5 1705;
King of Hungary 27/7 1655;
King of Bohemia 14/9 1654;
Emperor 18/7 1658;

Margareta Maria Theresa; (149); * 1651, m(1) 1666, † 1673;
children:
1.   Ferdinand Wenzel, * 28/9 1667, † 13/1 1668;
2.   Maria Antonia, * 18/1 1669, † 24/12 1692; m 1685 Elector of Bavaria Max Emanuel II, 1662-1726;
3.   Johann Leopold, * 20/2 1670, † 20/2 1670;
4.   Maria Anna, * 9/2 1672, † 23/2 1672;

Claudia Felicitas of Tyrol; * 1653, m(2) 1673, † 1676;
children:
5.   Anna Maria, * 11/9 1674, † 21/12 1674;
6.   Maria Josefa, * 11/10 1675, † 11/7 1676;

Eleonora Magdalena of Pfalz Neuberg; * 1655, m(3) 1676, † 1720;
children:
  7.   Joseph I, (055); * 26/7 1678, m 1699, † 17/4 1711;
  8.   Christina, * 18/6 1679, † 18/6 1679;
  9.   Maria Elisabeth, * 13/12 1680, † 26/8 1741;
10.   Leopold Joseph, * 2/6 1682, † 3/8 1684;
11.   Maria Anna, * 7/9 1683, † 14/8 1754; m 1708 King John V of Portugal, 1706-1750;
12.   Maria Theresa, * 22/8 1684, † 28/9 1696;
13.   Charles VI, (056); * 1/10 1685, † 20/10 1740;
      m 1708 Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, 1691-1750;
14.   Maria Josefa, * 16/3 1687, † 14/4 1703;
15.   Maria Magdalena, * 26/3 1689, † 1/5 1743;
16.   Maria Margaretha, * 22/7 1690, † 22/4 1691;
055 1678-1711
EMPEROR
1705-1711		 Joseph I = Josef I
s(054); * 26/7 1678; † 17/4 1711;
King of Hungary 9/12 1687;
King of Bohemia 5/5 1705;
Roman King 24/1 1690;
Emperor 5/5 1705;

Amalia of Brunswick-Lüneburg; * 1673, m 1699, † 1742;
children:
1.   Maria Josepha, * 8/12 1699, † 17/11 1757;
     m 1718 King Frederick Augustus of Poland, Elector of Saxony, 1696-1763;
2.   Leopold Joseph, * 29/10 1700, † 4/8 1701;
3.   Maria Amalia, * 22/10 1701, † 11/12 1758; m 1722 Charles VII, (057);
056 1711-1740 Charles VI = Karl VI
s(054); * 1/10 1685; † 20/10 1740;
Holy Roman Emperor and King of Germany from 12/10 1711;
King of Hungary from 22/5 1712 to 1740;
King of Bohemia from 17/4 1711 to 1740;
King of Croatia & Slavonia from 1711 to 1740;
King of Sardinia from 1713 to 1720;
King of Sicily from 1713 to 1714;
King of Naples from 1713-1735;
Archduke of Austria from 1711 to 1740;
Duke of Guastalla from 1735 to 1740;
Duke of Parma from 1735 to 1740;
Count of Barcelona from 1705 to 1714; the last count;

Elisabeth-Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel; * 1691, m 1708, † 1750; d Duke Louis Rudolph of Braunschweig-Lüneburg;
children:
1.   Leopold John, * 12/4 1716, † 14/11 1716;
2.   Maria Theresa, * 13/5 1717, † 29/11 1780; m (058);
3.   Maria Anna, * 14/9 1718, † 16/12 1744;
     m 1744 Charles Alexander of Lorraine, 1712-1780, b (058);
4.   Maria Amalia, * 5/4 1724, † 4/7 1730;
057 1742-1745 Charles VII = Karl VII af Bayern
hd(055); * 1697; † 20/1 1745;
Emperor 24/1 1742; First of Wittelsbacher line:

Maria Amalia; * 22/10 1701; m 1722; † 11/12 1758; d (055);
058 1708-1765
EMPEROR
1745-1765		 Francis I Stephen = Franz I Stephan
s(057); * 1708; † 18/8 1765;
Emperor 13/9 1745;
Duke of Lorraine from 1729 to 1736 as Franz III Stephan;
Duke of Tuscany from 1737;

Maria Theresa, d (056); Queen of Bohemia and Hungary; * 13/5 1717, m 1736, † 29/11 1780;
children :
  1.   Marie Elisabeth, * 5/2 1737, † 7/6 1740;
  2.   Marie Anna, * 6/10 1738, † 12/1 1789;
  3.   Marie Karoline, * 12/1 1740, † 25/1 1741;
  4.   Joseph II, (059), * 13/3 1741, † 20/2 1790;
  5.   Marie Christine, * 13/5 1742, † 24/6 1798; m 1766 Duke Albert of Teschen, 1738-1822;
  6.   Marie Elisabeth, * 13/8 1743, † 22/9 1808;
  7.   Karl Joseph, * 1/2 1745, † 18/1 1761;
  8.   Marie Amalia, * 26/2 1746, † 18/6 1804; m 1769 Duke Ferdinando of Parma, 1751-1802;
  9.   Leopold II, (060), * 5/5 1747, † 1/3 1792;
10.   Karoline, * 17/9 1748, † 17/9 1748;
11.   Johanna, * 4/2 1750, † 23/12 1762;
12.   Josepha, * 19/3 1751, † 15/10 1767;
13.   Karia Karoline, * 13/8 1752, † 8/9 1814; m 1768 Ferdinand de Bourbon of Spain, 1751-1825;
14.   Ferdinand, * 1/6 1754, † 24/12 1806; m 1771 Maria Beatrice d'Este, 1750-1829;
15.   Marie Antoinette, * 2/11 1755, † 16/10 1793; m 1770 Louis XVI of France, 1754-1793;
16.   Maximilian, * 8/12 1762, † 27/6 1801;
059 1741-1790
EMPEROR
1765-1790		 Joseph II = Josef II
s(058); * 13/3 1741; † 20/2 1790;
Roman King 27/3 1764;
Emperor 18/8 1765;
King of Hungary and Bohemia 29/11 1780;

Isabella of Parma, * 1741, m(1) 1760, † 1763;
children :
1.   Maria Theresa, * 20/3 1762, † 23/1 1770;
2.   Marie Christine, * 22/11 1763, † 22/11 1763;

Maria Josefa of Bavaria, * 1739, m(2) 1765, † 1767;
no children;
060 1747-1792
EMPEROR
1790-1792		 Leopold II
s(058); * 5/5 1747; † 1/3 1792;
Emperor 30/9 1790;
Duke of Tuscany 18/8 1765-1790 - See the Medici chronology;

Maria Luisa de Bourbon of Spain, * 1745, m 1765, † 1792; d Charles III of Spain;
children :
  1.   Maria Theresa, * 14/1 1767, † 7/11 1827; m 1787 King Anton I of Saxony, 1755-1836;
  2.   Francis II, (061)* 12/2 1768, † 2/3 1835;
  3.   Ferdinand III, * 6/5 1769, † 18/6 1824;
     Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1790-1802;
     m(1) 1790 Luisa of Naples and Sicily (Nap. N38-2), 1773-1802;
     m(2) 1821 Maria Ferdinanda of Saxony, 1796-1865;
  4.   Marie Anna, * 21/4 1770, † 1/10 1809;
  5.   Charles, (160); * 5/9 1771, † 30/4 1847;
     Duke of Teschen inherited from uncle by marriage;
     m 1815 Henriette Nassau-Weilburg, 1797-1815;
  6.   Alexander Leopold, * 14/8 1772, † 2/7 1795; Palatine of Hungary;
  7.   Albrecht Johann, * 19/12 1773, † 22/7 1774;
  8.   Maximilian, * 23/12 1774, † 9/3 1778;
  9.   Joseph, * 9/3 1776, † 13/1 1847; Palatine of Hungary;
     m(1) 1799 Duchess Aleaxandra Pavlovna of Russia, 1783-1801;
     m(2) 1815 Hermine of Anhalt, 1797-1817;
     m(3) 1819 Maria Dorothea of Württenburg, 1797-1855;
10.   Marie Klementine, * 24/4 1777, † 15/11 1801;
     m 1797 King Francesco I of the Two Sicilies (Nap N41), 1777-1830;
11.   Anton, * 31/8 1779, † 2/4 1835;
12.   Maria Amalia, * 15/10 1780, † 25/12 1798;
13.   John, * 11/5 1782, † 11/5 1859; Prince of the People; m 1827 Anna Plöchl, 1804-1885;
14.   Rainer, * 30/9 1783, † 16/1 1853; Viceroy of Lombardy;
     m 1820 Maria Francesca of Savoy-Carignan, 1800-1856;
15.   Ludwig, * 13/12 1784, † 21/12 1784;
16.   Rudolf, * 8/1 1788, † 23/7 1831;
160 1771-1847 Charles; Duke of Teschen inherited from uncle by marriage;
s(060); * 5/9 1771, † 30/4 1847;

Henrietta of Nassau, * 1797, m 1815, † 1829;
children:
1.   Maria Theresa, * 31/7 1816, † 8/8 1867;
     m 1837 King Ferdinando II of the Two Sicilies, 1810-1859;
2.   Albrecht, * 3/8 1817, † 18/2 1895; Duke of Teschen, m 1844 Hildegarte of Bavaria, 1825-1864;
3.   Carl Ferdinand, * 29/7 1818, † 20/11 1874; m 1854 Elisabeth of Austria, 1831-1903;
4.   Friederich, * 14/5 1821, † 5/10 1847;
5.   Rudolf, * 25/9 1822, † 23/10 1822;
6.   Maria Caroline, * 10/9 1825, † 17/7 1915; m 1852 Rainer, 1827-1913;
7.   Wilhelm, * 21/4 1827, † 29/7 1894;
061 1768-1835
EMPEROR
1792-1806
EMPEROR AUSTRIA
1804-1835		 Francis II = Frans II, Holy Roman Emperor;
Francis I, Emperor of Austria;
s 060; * 12/2 1768; † 2/3 1835;
Emperor 5/7 1792; Abdicated 6/8 1806;

Elisabeth of Württemburg, * 1767, m(1) 1788, † 1790;
child :
1.   Ludovika Elisabeth, * 18/2 1790, † 24/6 1791;

Maria Theresa of Naples, * 1772, m(2) 1790, † 1807; d Ferdinand I (Nap. N38-1);
children:
  2.   Marie Louise, * 12/12 1791, † 17/12 1847;
     m(1) 1810 Napoleon Bonaparte, 1769-1821;
     m(2) 1821 Graf Adam von Neipperg, 1775-1829;
     m(3) 1834 Count Charles de Bombelles, 1785-1856;
  3.   Ferdinand I, (163); * 19/4 1793, † 29/6 1875;
  4.   Marie Caroline, * 8/6 1794, † 16/3 1795;
  5.   Caroline, * 4/12 1795, † 16/3 1799;
  6.   Marie Leopoldine, * 22/1 1797, † 11/12 1826;
     m 1817 Emperor Pedro IV of Brazil, 1798-1834;
  7.   Marie Clementine, * 1/3 1798, † 3/9 1881;
     m 1816 King Leopold of the Two Sicilies, 1790-1851;
  8.   Joseph Franz, * 9/4 1799, † 30/6 1807;
  9.   Caroline, * 8/4 1801, † 22/5 1832;
     m 1819 King Friedrich August of Saxony, 1797-1854;
10.   Franz Karl, * 7/12 1802, m 1824, † 8/3 1878;
     m Sophie of Bavaria, 1805-1872;
11.   Marie Anne, * 8/6 1804, † 28/12 1858;
12.   Johann, * 30/8 1805, † 19/2 1809;
13.   Amalia Theresa, * 6/4 1807, † 9/4 1807;

Ludovica of Austria-Este, * 1787, m(3) 1808, † 1816;
no children;

Caroline Augusta of Bavaria, * 1792, m(4) 1816, † 1873;
no children;

 
Det tyske kejserrige opløses i 1806 og erstattes i 1815 af Det Tyske Forbund, der eksisterer 1815-1866, hvorefter der dannes et Nordtysk Forbund fra 1867-1871.

I 1871 bliver riget igen til et kejserrige under Hohenzollernslægten ved kejser Wilhelm I, 1871-1888. I 1888 bliver sønnen Frederik III kejser, men dør samme år den 15/6 efter at have regeret i 99 dage, og pladsen udfyldes af hans søn, Wilhelm II, der er kejser 1888-1918. Han dør i 1941 i Holland.
Se nærmere om Brandenburg og Preussen

Østrig
For at komplementere Det tyske kejserdømme, så medtages det tysk-østrigske område med de østrigske kejserslægter herunder.

The Austrian Empire
No. Living
Ruling		 Names and remarks
162 = 061 1768-1835
EMPEROR
1804-1835		 Francis I, Emperor of Austria;
Only the two children important for the line of succession are included here. See under no. 061 for all wives and children;

children :
  3.   Ferdinand I, (163); * 19/4 1793, † 29/6 1875;
10.   Franz Karl, (164); * 7/12 1802, † 8/3 1878;
163 1793-1875
EMPEROR
1835-1848		 Ferdinand I
s(162); * 19/4 1793, † 29/6 1875;

Maria Anna of Savoy; * 1803, m 1831, † 1884;
no children ;
164 - Franz Karl;
s(162); * 7/12 1802, † 8/3 1878;

Sophie of Bavaria, * 1805, m 1824, † 1872;
children :
1.   Franz Joseph I; (165); * 18/8 1830; m 1854; † 21/11 1916;
2.   Ferdinand Maximilian; * 6/7 1832; † 19/6 1867; Emperor of Brazil - executed;
     m 1857 Charlotte of Belgium, 1840-1927;
3.   Karl Ludwig; (166); * 30/7 1833; † 19/5 1896;
     m 21/10 1862 Maria Annunziata of Sicily (Norm. 090-5); * 24/3 1843; † 4/5 1871;
4.   Maria Anna Pia; * 27/10 1835; † 18/1 1840;
5.   Ludwig Victor; * 15/5 1842; † 18/1 1919;
165 1830-1916
EMPEROR
1848-1916		 Franz Joseph Emperor of Austria; King of Hungary
s(164); * 18/8 1830; m 1854; † 21/11 1916;

Elisabeth of Bavaria; * 1837; m 1854; † 1898;
children :
1.   Sophie; * 5/3 1855; † 29/5 1857;
2.   Gisela; * 12/7 1856; † 27/7 1932;
     m 1873 Prince Leopold of Bavaria, 1846-1930;
3.   Rudolf; * 21/8 1858; † 30/1 1889; Crown Prince, committed suicide;
     m 1881 Stephanie of Belgium, 1864-1945; they got:
     a) Elisabeth, 1883-1963, who
     m(1) Prince Otto zu Windischgrätz, 1873-1952; divorced 1902; she
     m(2) 1948 Leopold Petzneck, 1881-1956;
4.   Marie Valerie; * 22/4 1868; † 6/9 1924;
     m 1890 Franz Salvator, 1866-1939;
166 - Karl Ludwig
s(164); * 30/7 1833; † 19/5 1896;

Margaretha of Saxony; * 1840; m(1) 1856; † 1878?;
children :
1.   Franz Ferdinand; * 18/12 1863; † 28/6 1914; Assassinated in Sarejevo;
     m morganatically 1900 to Sophie Chotek von Chotkowa, 1868-1914;
2.   Otto; (167); * 21/4 1865; † 1/11 1906;
     m 1886 Maria Josepha of Saxony, 1867-1944;
3.   Ferdinand; * 27/12 1868; † 10/3 1915;
     m 1909 Bertha Czuber;
4.   Margarete Sophie; * 13/5 1870; † 24/8 1902;
     m 1893 Duke Albert of Württemburg, 1865-1939;
5.   Maria Annunziata; * 31/7 1876; † 8/4 1961;
6.   Elisabeth; * 7/7 1878; † 13/3 1960;
     m 1903 Prince Alois von und zu Liechtenstein, 1866-1955;

Maria Annunziata of the Two Sicilies; * 1843; m(2) 1862; † 1871;
no children ;

Maria Theresa de Braganza of Portugal; * 1855; m(3) 1873; † 1944;
no children ;
167 - Otto
s(166); * 21/4 1865; † 1/11 1906;

Maria Josepha of Saxony; * 1867; m 1866; † 1944;
children:
1.   Karl; (168); * 17/8 1887; † 1/3 1922;
2.   Maximilian; * 13/4 1895; † 17/1 1955;
     m 1917 Franziska zu Hohenlohe, 1897-1989;
168 1887-1922
EMPEROR
1916-1918		 Karl I, Emperor of Austria; King of Hungary;
s(167); * 17/8 1887; † 1/3 1922;

Zita de Bourbon-Parma; * 1892; m 1911; † 1989;
children :
1.   Otto; * 20/11 1912; m 1951; † ?; Dr. Otto von Habsburg; m Regina von Saxe-Meiningen, 1925-;
2.   Adelheid; * 3/1 1914; † 2/10 1971;
3.   Robert of Austria-Este; * 8/2 1915; † 7/2 1996;
4.   Felix; * 31/5 1916; † ?;
5.   Carl Ludwig; * 10/3 1918; † ?;
6.   Rudolf of Austria; * 5/9 1919; † ?;
7.   Charlotte of Austria; * 21/3 1921; † 23/7 1989;
8.   Elisabeth of Austria; * 31/5 1922; † ?;

 
Link til referencelitteraturen og kilder.

Jørgen Marcussen
 
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