»What must be done should one desire to delineate the earth on a plane surface. Wherefore we shall do well to keep straight lines for our meridians, but to insert our parallels as the arcs of circles, having the one and the same centre, which we suppose to be the North Pole, and from which we draw straight lines of our meridians, keeping above all else similarity to a sphere, in the form and appearance of our plane surface«.note 18 |
»Note that often in sailing south from Lisbon, in Guinea, I have diligently noted the distance travelled, using the methods of seacaptains and mariners, and afterwards I have measured the altitude of the sun many times with the quadrant and other instruments, and I have found that my measurements endorse the opinion of Alfraganus: that is, that to any one degree, fifty-six and two-thirds miles correspond.«note 19 |
»Nor could Columbus' error about the value of a degree have been verified by reference to sea charts. No surviving sea charts of the period include lines of latitude, nor, as far as we know, were any of them based on attempts to take measurements, or made with allowance for magnetic drift, so that even relative latitudes appear highly misleading.«note 20 |
»By the virtue of the magnet-stone they practice an art which cannot lie. Taking this ugly dark stone, to which iron will attach itself of its own accord, they find the right point on it which they touch with a needle. Then they lay the needle in a straw and simply place it in water, where the straw makes it float. Its points then turns exactly to the star.« |
»An iron needle after it has made contact with the magnet stone, always turns towards the North Star, which stands motionless while the rest revolve, being as it were the axis of the firmament«. |
»Columbus' interest in latitude placed him in what might be called the cosmographical avant-garde. The idea of mapping on a grid of lines of latitude and longitude had been made familiar by Ptolemy; but techniques of measurement, particularly of longitude, were still in their infancy and the practical application of Ptolemy's system was only beginning to be broached.«note 39 |
»The geographical applications of L[atin] latitudo, Gr. πλατος, and longitudo, μηκος, orig. referred to the 'breadth' and 'length' of the oblong map of the known world, whence they came to be used for the distance of any place in the breadthwise and lengthwise direction respectively from the circle which was taken at the origin of measurement«. |
»Disse mærkelige Betegnelser, Længde og Bredde, der mindst af alt passer for et Liniesystem paa en Kugleoverflade, stammer fra Middelhavsegnene, hvor de første geografiske Beregninger og Kort blev til. Den dakendte Verden, der omfattede Landene omkring Middelhavet, havde nemlig størst Udstrækning i øst-vestlig Retning, og som Følge deraf blev denne Retning kaldt Længde (longitude), hvorimod den smallere nord-sydlige Retning kaldtes Bredde (latitude).«note 45 |
»Det synes dog som Hippark fra Nikæa er den første, der omkring 160-125 f.Kr. anvender Bredde og Længde til angivelse af Stedernes Beliggenhed«.note 46 |
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Opdateret d. 20.10.2014 |